John Augustine s Confessions By Saint Augustine Essay

In Confessions by Saint Augustine he says that to be a whole person, one must cultivate a life that is improved by friendship. The essentials for all humans are food, air, and relationships which are imperative to creating a whole person. The friends that we have help to provide a sense of belonging and community. They help provide Augustine with strength and encouragement. Friends provide a sense of belonging and community which are a source of strength and encouragement. Augustine viewed friendship as an important part of his life, and he evaluated his friendships over the course of the three life stages. These stages in his life are adolescence, early adulthood and adulthood. In Augustine’s life he became a close friend to many but at different stages of his life his friendships provided Augustine with different life lessons that made Augustine the wise man he is at the end of his life. Over the course of Augustine’s life, he shows maturity in his interactions with h is friends and begins to alter his selfish behavior. As a child his friends were based off of vice. But as he got older he learned from the friends he associated himself with and they ended up leading Augustine to his conversion. The experience that he had with certain friends were a pivotal aspect of the stories and reflections written in Confessions. During Augustine’s spiritual journey he dealt with friends that diverged him from his spiritual calling and friends that brought him closer to his calling.Show MoreRelatedJohn Augustine s Confessions By Saint Augustine923 Words   |  4 PagesIn his autobiography Confessions, Saint Augustine tells the story of the day he walked to give a speech of undeserved praise towards emperor, and on the way Augustine spots a drunken beggar asking for change that would ultimately help shape Augustine’s views of true happiness and life fulfillment. Saint Augustine made the realization that just as the beggar perceived themselves ful filled by alcohol, he himself tried to find to find fulfillment through others looking highly upon him and praising himRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam920 Words   |  4 Pagesas omnipotent and omnipresent. Saint Augustine, the author of The Confessions, described God in a very similar way. The Confessions narrates the story of how Augustine converted and his struggles to find his faith. As Augustine grew older, both in age and in faith, he searched for the truth. He concludes that God is The Truth, the ultimate truth (Augustine 48). Augustine says that God provides perpetual truth and that He is incorruptible. In a similar manner, Augustine determines that â€Å"wisdom resides†Read MoreSaint Augustine Essays719 Words   |  3 PagesSaint Augustine Saint Augustine, b. Nov. 13, 354, d. 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In a real sense confession seems to be defective or inadequate in Hell. The huddled masses who declare their sins to Minos do so because they are compelled to declareRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The War 1264 Words   |  6 Pagespresented as this young man s timeless and eternal nightmarish present. Similar to the rest of the soldiers, he calls onto Hussein, the Prophet s grandson, but he also shouts that his friend, Hussein, has been slain in the same manner. The playwright thus wants to bring together the past and the present and to call upon the audience to change the situation otherwise the past will keep on repeating itself. When Zainab comes in, he insists on reading her brother s last letter. Hussein saysRead MoreFdt4 Task 2 Essay5696 Words   |  23 PagesThe two most prevalent, being the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS) and the Catholic faith. I would like to know more about their beliefs, holidays, and family traditions. 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Reflections on Library Tour and Plagiarism - 703 Words

Name/Date Reflections on Library Tour and Plagiarism Plagiarism is seen everywhere in the world today. It is not just in educational settings across the countries of the world but also recognized in the workplace when stealing ideas or original plans. This is now noticed as the fastest and sometimes most efficient thing to do among the students in enrolled in high level classes and even college classes, but, it is the students and workers who should be blamed for this newly recognized strategy of completing tasks. The first step to educate students about plagiarizing, is to ensure that students know the meaning of the word. We should not assume that all students know the definition of the word plagiarism, nor should we assume that they understand the concept or the property of the word, especially if they are from different educational cultures. The Oxford English Dictionary (1989) defines plagiarism as, the wrongful appropriation or purloining and publication as ones own, of the ideas, or the expression of the ideas. A second step that can be taken is to define the word plagiarism to students that have any difficulties understanding in writing and orally. Foster (2007) argues that plagiarism consists of using another persons thoughts or opinions; any facts, statistics, graphs or drawings that are not common knowledge; or quoting or paraphrasing anothers spoken or written words without giving due credit. Thirdly, instructors, tutors and other proof readers areShow MoreRelatedUnit 8 Writing Ass ignment6944 Words   |  28 Pagesmini-drafts (e.g., a 3-page draft of a 10-page research paper), annotated bibliographies, short oral presentations that include textual supports (handouts, screen projections), genre variants (e.g., collage dialogues, narratives), in-progress reports and reflections, and so on. 4. Response papers are typically shorter papers (1-2 pages) that respond to a reading or in-class activity. Instructors may treat these as formal papers and assign a grade, or they may be treated as informal papers and receive assessmentRead MoreQuestions On Writing An Essay Essay9089 Words   |  37 PagesGoogle ban on essay writing services caused me to have an unwelcome flashback. Google, responding to pressure from colleges and universities has decided to prohibit writing services that provide dissertations, compositions and essays to students. Plagiarism by college students seems to have exploded over the last decade with many academics suggesting that as many as 25% of all papers and academic writing is the result of this seedy practice. Of course the writing service agencies are complaining vociferouslyRead MoreCommunication Studies Syllabus- Caribbean Students12029 Words   |  49 Pagesand administer â€Å"tests† to each other. Ensure that students are aware that their questions should address the various levels of comprehension by exploring question-and-answer relationships. 15. Organise library orientation sessions for students to ensure that they understand how to use the library resources. Where possible, students should use Internet search engines to access information. 16. Have students select samples of different types of writing and discuss, in groups, variation in styleRead MoreHow to Write a Business Report Essay18530 Words   |  75 Pagesprojects or ideas of report writers that are given undue prominence in a report. Sloppiness Sloppiness in report writing is often shown by poor research, overdependence on low-quality sources such as Internet sites and sales literature, and signs of plagiarism and cut-and-pasting of pre-existing documents. Reactivity Reactivity is a characteristic of report writers who are always ï ¬ ghting the last war, producing post-mortems on situations but offering very little in the way of future orientation, proactiveRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesrights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN-13: 978-0-273-68774-0 ISBN-10: 0-273-68774-3 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalog ue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McAuley, John, FIPD. Organization theory : challenges and perspectives / John McAuley, Joanne Duberley, Phil Johnson. p. cm. Includes bibliographicalRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesbrought the Nobel Prize for India by her selfless services to the poor, destitute and suffering people of our country in particular and the needy and handicapped people of the world in general. Today, we need the services of the educated women who can tour throughout the country and help in removing human sufferings. The Government is alarmed at the rapid growth of population in the rural areas in particular. Women volunteers can more easily take up the task of canvassing the advantages of family planningRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesare registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered tr ademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughterRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageslitigation? Unless it’s the result of downsizing, dismissal should be the last step and ultimate disciplinary consequence. Occasionally an offense is so serious that immediate dismissal is appropriate such as theft, sexual harassment, violence, plagiarism, or sabotage. These exceptions to the discipline policy should be spelled out in the employee manual. 59 When the decision is made, HRM needs to consider how the dismissal will be communicated. Terminations cause hard feelings, create economic hardship

Business Models Strategy and Innovation System

Question: Discuss about the Business Models Strategy and Innovation System. Answer: Introduction Investment is the major thing that is becoming popular in the world as it is seen as a way to multiply one's wealth. People have been searching for areas to invest to get high returns and majority have settled in starting businesses. The business world has been viewed as lucrative for people who need a significant amount of money from their investments. Many people have channelled their money in business hoping for increasing their wealth within a short period. However, one thing they do not realize is that business activities are risky investments which may not give them the returns they expect but make them lose their money. The business world has changed tremendously due to the stiff competition in the market (Chi, Kilduff, Gargeya, 2009, pp. 645-669). Managers have an obligation to be creative and innovative in the activities they undertake to ensure uniqueness in the products and goods they produce. Uniqueness will attract many customers who will make increase the sale of the firm. In this case, huge profits are assured to the enterprise. Technological changes are the factors attributed to the modification of business management, ownership, and operations in the world. There are many problems that companies face in the world any management should be cautious and careful when dealing with them to enable the business to succeed and meet its goals of high returns. The purpose of this report is to follow the stages used in problem-solving to identify a particular issue in the business environment, generate, evaluate solutions and devices an implementation plan to counter the problem (Teece, 2010, pp. 172-194). Business in the world is carried in different ways by different entrepreneurs; all these methods are aimed at obtaining high sales. There are restrictions as to how business activities are to be executed globally. There is the need for governments and appropriate bodies to put guidelines of how business operations are to be implemented to ensure fairness to all. Due to the high competitions, the businessmen may tend to use unfair means to meet their targets and also avoid the competition in the market. The regulation of businesses brings order in the business world and ensures that business must develop ethical ways to get the competitive edge over the competitors. There are many obstacles in achieving business targets, and the managers have a responsibility to tackle this obstacle and ensure business success. Success can be accomplished by managers properly doing market research to come up with the best strategies to put into actions (Michalski, Carbonell, Mitchell, 2013). However, business is faced with many challenges in the world which include; high competition, lack of adequate personnel to execute its duties, inadequate resources to fund its operations, rivalry in business, small numbers of customers, etc. These are the problems that every business must encounter in its functioning. Therefore, different companies adopt various methods to curb the problems in the environment. The methods used to determine the life of the firm whether it will be successful in the market or it will be a failure. How the job is executed in business will determine the possible expected outcomes. The duty to oversee the activities is in the hands of the managers who manage the business on behalf of the shareholders. They are therefore expected to propel the organization to success by all means, but the small insists that the means must follow the set rules and regulations (Bowen, Morara, Mureithi, 2009, pp. 16-31). Problem definition is the ability to find out in detail the main issue that you are trying to solve. It is irrelevant and useless to address or correct something you do not know. This attempt may end up to wrong solutions to the issue at hand thus not solving it (Wood et al., 2009, p.3). When an organization is exposed to a problem, the managers should try and find more about the issue which includes the cause. Any decision made by a manager must be well researched, and high reasoning must be utilized before implementing it in the organization. Managers are responsible and accountable for all the decisions the team makes. They can be sued by the owners if they make poor decisions which threaten the existing of the firm. Some of the methods that managers can use in the problem definition stage are SWOT Analysis, PEST Analysis, 5Ws, cause Analysis, and Value Chain Analysis. However, to define the business problems all over the world I will concentrate on PEST Analysis and SWOT Analysis . The PEST Analysis is an acronym which stands for political factors, economic factors, socio-cultural factors and the technological factors that affect the business. These factors form the external business environment and managers must put them into consideration when making any decisions. Political factors are the factors that try to explain the political systems in the location of the business. These factors can affect the business positively and also negatively. When there is political stability in the country the business is located, it means that the business will succeed. However, political instability and political interference will make the business fail in its operation. These are the time when there is no peace in the environment, and also the politics are used to impose restrictions on the businesses like quotas (Koumparoulis, 2013, pp. 31-36). Economic factors deal with the economic growth and development of the country of business location. The economy is defined by factors such as inflation rates, exchange rates, interests' rate, etc. When the inflation rates are high, they make business operations impossible due to the high costs involved. High-interest rates mean that acquisition of loans from the bank will lead to massive debts due to the interest accrued thus making business shun from loans. Also, when the exchange rates are high, the importation of business products such as raw material, cheap labour, machinery, etc. becomes very costly making them not able to afford. The above factors must be average or small to ensure that the business succeeds in its operations (Coale, Hoover, 2015). Socio-cultural factors are the norms and beliefs of the community near the location of the firm. The community is the direct market of the products or goods of the company. The company must ensure that the goods conform to the needs of the community to attract them to buy. Location in a Muslim community prohibits a company to sell pork meat as they do not consume it. Failure to adhere to these, the firm will make high losses as the consumer will be few if not none (Mellahi, Morrell, Wood, 2010). Technological factors are concerned with the changes in the ways business activities are undertaken in the world. There are new modes of doing business, and this dictates that the firm should adopt them to be competitive in the environment. The changes promote the ability of the companies to make or produce unique products which attract a high market. Technological changes include better transport and communication, better ways of getting employees and raw materials such as outsourcing, business globalization, etc. Therefore, these factors are the basis of competitive advantage for the firms (Hekkert, Negro, 2009, pp. 584-594). SWOT Analysis checks the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats that businesses are likely to encounter during their operations. Strength and opportunities have positive impacts whereas weaknesses and threats have adverse consequences to the business survival. Strengths denote the areas which the business has control over in the market; they may include; availability of qualified employees, adequate resources, better machinery, right management team, better policies, etc. which give the company advantage over the others. Opportunities are the gaps in the environment which have not be filled by firms. These are the demands of the customers yet fulfilled. Businesses must ensure they have more strength in the markets and also put up measures to identify gaps in the markets to fill them hence have many customers. These may be a method to be unique and avoid competition (Helms, Nixon, 2010, pp. 215-251). Weaknesses are the areas that the organizations do not perform well. They may include inadequate workforce, poor decisions, lack of resources to fund its operation, etc. Threats are factors that threaten the life or existence of the business. They include competition in the market, technological changes, political influence, and instability; economic factors, etc. weakness and threats may lead to low performance hence its failure. Managers must look for ways to limit this factor for the continuity of business. Finally, after checking the SWOT Analysis and the PEST Analysis the biggest problem that business face is a business failure. The failure may be caused by many factors both in the internal and external environment. They include; competition in the environment, poor strategies adoption, inadequate employees without the need skills and knowledge to execute duties, government rules and regulations, poor management, etc. However, the information generated above via SWOT and PEST Analyses can be used to develop a solution to increase strengths and opportunities and minimize the identified weaknesses and threats to the businesses. Business failure is the biggest problem that many companies face in the markets. Therefore, solution generation stage follows which tries to find ways to curb the problem occurring to businesses. Managers have the obligations to look for the means to solve the identified problem that the firm. The aim of all the activities is to have a continuous existence which can only be guaranteed by high profits made by the businesses. The huge profits will ensure that all the stakeholders are paid in advance, loans settled and the owners left with some cash to grow the business or pay themselves. During the solution generation, there is the need for the managers to find many ways of solving the problem of business failure but choose the best way which is convenient and practical. The tools that can be utilized to aid in the solution generation stage are Brainstorming, Brainwriting, Fishbone Diagram, Six Thinking Hats, and Mind Mapping (Jeppesen, Lakhani, 2010, pp. 1016-1033). Nevertheless, I am going to use the Brainstorming and Brainwriting methods to try and find solutions to the reason for business failures in the world. Brainstorming is creativity and innovative technique which is used to get ideas or solution to a problem by gathering the ideas of the members of the group. In this case, it implies business managers are getting ideas from the business stakeholders for the reasons they think the business is failing in its operation. All the business stakeholders must be consulted in the decision-making process by the managers to ensure that the best decisions are adopted. Also when a crisis arises which threatens is the company they should give views on how to remedy the situation. The ideas the managers get from the stakeholders may be used to rescue the organization from failure. It is important to note that managers may not have total knowledge of the businesses world and some stakeholder's ideas may be very vital (Litchfield, 2008, pp. 649-668). Brainwriting is also same as Brainstorming, but it is executed differently. Both methods aim at getting information from the stakeholders of the business. Brainwriting involves the members writing down on the paper the ideas they think can be used by the management to avoid market failure. The plans after that are submitted to the manager. In this method, the administrator can examine the ideas and take the most appropriate ones. The manager is the only person who can make the decisions of the organization but in consultation with the owners of the business. These are because the manager is accountable and responsible for the outcomes of their decisions. The two methods will provide the managers with various methods to remedy the situation (Linsey, Becker, 2011, pp. 165-171). Solution evaluation is examining the outcomes of the solutions given if the managers implement them. The manager should check the long term and short term effects of the solutions given to the achievement of the business goals and objectives. The tools available in the Solution Evaluation stage are Categorisation, Elimination and Ranking, Affinity Diagram, Screening Matrix, Decision Matrix, and Pareto Analysis (Walraven, Brand-Gruwel, Boshuizen, 2008, pp. 623-648). In the attempt to evaluate the best possible solution to be used solving the problem, I have used the Categorisation and Elimination and Ranking methods. Categorization methods put the solutions into various categories in which they can be used to solve the problem. Business failure can be caused by two factors which are the internal business factors and the external market factors. Putting the solutions in categories will enable the managers to know the solution for internal and external environmental factors (Frensch, Funke, 2014). Elimination and ranking methods look the solutions as per their effectiveness to solve the problem. The manager ranks the solutions starting from the best to the least efficient ones. I will, therefore, eliminate the solutions which cannot entirely solve the problem. The aim of this method is to remain with the most suitable solution which can solve the problem of business failure (Hwang, Yoon, 2012). Solution Implementation and Action Plan After getting the solution to the problem causing market failure the final stage is execution and action plan. Implementation if the program requires the manager to get ways and methods to use in making the solution to be adopted in the organization. Tools which can be employed in the Solution Implementation stage are Force Field Analysis, How-how Diagram, and What If Scenarios (Martnez at el., 2008, pp. 181-191). Here, I have used what if scenarios to try and evaluate solutions that amusing to solve the business failure problem. The solutions are aimed at eliminating the business failure, and I should take the best remedies. Managers have to check whether the solutions will fully solve the problem. These will make me measure the extent which the solution will solve the problem. These will enable me to see the unknowns after implementation of the solution. The action plan is the continuously checking the implemented solutions to determine if they curb the problem. In this case, I will put the measure to ensure the problem is eradicated (Alcamo, Henrichs, 2008, pp. 13-35). Conclusion Finally, managers must be able to make decisions that will enhance the success of the business. The changes in firms bring more advantages as well as demerits to the company. Managers have to ensure that strategic plans are well researched to be implemented. Problems in businesses are familiar but corrective measures must be taken to avoid market failure. Any changes should be applied in the timely manner to be effective (Mintzberg, 2009). References Bowen, M., Morara, M., Mureithi, S. (2009). Management of business challenges among small and micro enterprises in Nairobi-Kenya. KCA journal of business management, 2(1), 16-31. Chi, T., Kilduff, P. P., Gargeya, V. B. (2009). Alignment between business environment characteristics, competitive priorities, supply chain structures, and firm business performance. International Journal of productivity and performance management, 58(7), 645-669. Coale, A. J., Hoover, E. M. (2015). Population growth and economic development. Princeton University Press. Frensch, P. A., Funke, J. (2014). Complex problem solving: The European perspective. Psychology Press. Hekkert, M. P., Negro, S. O. (2009). Functions of innovation systems as a framework to understand sustainable technological change: Empirical evidence for earlier claims. Technological forecasting and social change, 76(4), 584-594. Helms, M. M., Nixon, J. (2010). Exploring SWOT analysiswhere are we now? A review of academic research from the last decade. Journal of strategy and management, 3(3), 215-251. Hwang, C. L., Yoon, K. (2012). Multiple attribute decision making: methods and applications a state-of-the-art survey (Vol. 186). Springer Science Business Media. Jeppesen, L. B., Lakhani, K. R. (2010). Marginality and problem-solving effectiveness in broadcast search. Organization science, 21(5), 1016-1033. Koumparoulis, D. N. (2013). PEST Analysis: The case of E-shop. International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences, 2(2), 31-36. Linsey, J. S., Becker, B. (2011). Effectiveness of brainwriting techniques: comparing nominal groups to real teams. In Design Creativity 2010 (pp. 165-171). Springer London. Litchfield, R. C. (2008). Brainstorming reconsidered: A goal-based view. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 649-668. Mellahi, K., Morrell, K., Wood, G. (2010). The ethical business: Challenges and controversies. Palgrave Macmillan. Michalski, R. S., Carbonell, J. G., Mitchell, T. M. (Eds.). (2013). Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Springer Science Business Media. Mintzberg, H. (2009). Managing. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long range planning, 43(2), 172-194. Walraven, A., Brand-Gruwel, S., Boshuizen, H. P. (2008). Information-problem solving: A review of problems students encounter and instructional solutions. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 623-648.

British Imperial Regulations During 1700S Essay Research free essay sample

British Imperial Regulations During 1700S Essay, Research Paper British imperial ordinances with the American settlements were closely tied in with the system of mercantile system. Mercantilism controls the dealingss between the taking power and the settlements under its imperium. A state would desire to export more than it imports deriving more money to obtain economic stableness. The settlements exist for the net income of the female parent state. Trade was a critical portion of the economic system of both England and the British settlements. The settlements would supply a bulk of natural stuffs that would be shipped to England where so they would treat natural stuffs into goods and sell them at markets provided by the settlements. Within this system both England and the settlements depended on each other for commercialism. To farther enforce this system on their oversees empire England enacted the Navigation Laws. In 1650 the first of these Torahs was aimed at maintaining trade between the settlements limited merely to their female parent state, England. We will write a custom essay sample on British Imperial Regulations During 1700S Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The jurisprudence restricted trade of such shippers as the Dutch, by saying all goods must be transported on English vass to or from the settlements. This helped maintain money within British control, but besides increased both England s and the settlements merchant Marine. Further Torahs were passed, but none that imposed rigorous ordinances on the settlements. In fact the settlements received advantages from the mercantile system of England. As settlements of England they had the rights of Englishmans. They besides had some chances of self-government. As compared economically to the mean Englishmans of the clip, the mean American settler was more frequently better off. In some markets, such as baccy, the settlements had great advantages. Although non allowed to merchandise baccy with any other state ; they were guaranteed a monopoly on the English market. One of the major advantages of British imperialism was the protection supplied by the British ground forces. With the strong so ldiers supplying defence against indigens and other inter colonial differences and the mighty British naval forcess protecting their commercialism on the seas ; the settlements benefited from great advantages provided by their oversees swayers. Although the settlers prospered from the British imperialism, they besides nevertheless, dealt with many disadvantages from the British. In 1733 the British Parliament, experiencing tenseness from the plantation owners in the British West Indies, enacted the Molasses Act. The plantation owners were viing against the Gallic West Indies for trade with the North American settlements and sing the settlements were a portion of the British imperium, as were the British West Indies, the settlements trade was restricted from trading with the Gallic West Indies. Trade was a major beginning of their commercialism and the settlers did non react good to losing some of their markets. They therefore sometimes would ensue to illegal smuggling because at the early passage of such Torahs the enforcement was slightly indulgent. Nonetheless the settlers did non respond good to the British s imperialistic invasion upon the freedoms. The settlers were besides capable to the clemency of the British mercha ndisers. Falling monetary values in England left the settlers helpless as they could easy fall into deeper and deeper debt. Tension grew as the settlers were holding to cover more with this unjust advantage. The settlers could non command conditions that would convey them the most net income. Some settlements exports were favored more than others. The southern settlements produced such harvests as baccy and rice which were non grown in England. They hence would non be in competition with the British merchandisers, and more in demand than the Northern settlements exports. The most of import disadvantaged that British imperialism worked towards was the feeling that the settlements and settlers were being exploited. They felt they were at that place for the usage of England ; for the economic benefit of the female parent state. They felt England did non acknowledge the development that they were undergoing, and as they further hindered their patterned advance ; the spirit of revolution would turn.

African Art Essays (424 words) - African Art, Mask, Gelede

African Art The traditional art of Africa plays a major part in the African society. Most ceremonies and activities (such as singing, dancing, storytelling, etc.) can not function without visual art. It can also be used as an implement and insignia of rank or prestige, or have a religious significance. African art consists mainly of sculptures, paintings, fetishes, masks, figures, and decorative objects. Sculptures are considered to be the greatest achievement for African art. A majority of the sculptures are done in wood but are also made of metal, stone, terra-cotta, mud, beadwork, ivory, and other materials. It is found in many parts of Africa but mainly in western and central Africa. Many ancient rock paintings have been found in Southern and Eastern Africa. These paintings are believed to be attributed to the SAN (Bushman) people. Masks and fetishes are often used to scare off bad things such as evil spirits, witches or ghosts. They are also used to bring about a desired end-break a bad habit, improve ones love life, or kill a natural or supernatural enemy. There are three basic themes of African art. The first is the dualism between bush and village. African tribes wear masks and headdresses: the male is represented by the elephant, the most powerful of bush creatures and the female is delicately coifed to express refinement and civilization. The second theme of African art is the problematic relationships between the sexes. African tribes use art as a therapeutic device to deal with the problems and issues dealing with the relations between the sexes. The third theme is the struggle to control natural or supernatural forces to achieve a desired end. African tribes often use masks in ceremonies (called Gelede) to please and honor the forces. For each region in Africa, there is a different style of Art. The western Sudanic Region have masks and figures representing legendary ancestors and religious sacrifices. The central Sudanic Region art includes mud architecture, embroidered textiles, elaborate Coiffure, metal and beadwork jewelry, and leather work. This style usually doesn't represent anything special. The west Guinea Coast Region use masks and figures to police ceremonies, punish people for doing something wrong, settle land-owning problems and start or end wars. The Central Guinea Coast Region art employs aristocratic materials. Specialized artists creature works of art for the leaders that include: stools, drums, cloth, pottery, terra-cotta, figures, miniature masks, combs, mirrors, pipes, and carved musical instruments. African art is traditionally essential and optimistic. Without art, there would be no African culture.

JFK’s Brain and Missing Body Parts of Historical Figures

JFK’s Brain and Missing Body Parts of Historical Figures Remember when you were a kid and one of your goofy uncles was always trying to scare you by â€Å"stealing your nose† between his thumb and forefinger? While you quickly figured out your nose was safe, the phrase â€Å"until death do us part† takes on a whole new meaning for some very famous deceased people whose body parts have been oddly â€Å"relocated.† John F. Kennedy’s Vanishing Brain Since that horrible day in November 1963, controversies and conspiracy theories have swirled around the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Perhaps the most bizarre of these controversies involves things that happened during and after President Kennedy’s official autopsy. In 1978, the published findings of the congressional House Select Committee on Assassinations revealed that JFK’s brain had gone missing. While some doctors at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas testified that they had seen First Lady Jackie Kennedy holding a part of her husband’s brain, what happened to it remains unknown. However, it is documented that JFK’s brain was removed during the autopsy and placed in a stainless-steel box that was subsequently handed over to the Secret Service. The box remained locked in the White House until 1965, when JFK’s brother, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, ordered the box to be stored in the National Archives building. However, a National Archives inventory of medical evidence from the JFK autopsy conducted in 1966 showed no record of the box or the brain. Conspiracy theories regarding who stole JFK’s brain and why soon flew. Released in 1964, the Warren Commission report stated that Kennedy had been struck by two bullets fired from the rear by Lee Harvey Oswald. One bullet reportedly went through his neck, while the other struck the back of his skull, leaving bits of brain, bone, and skin scattered about the presidential limousine. Some conspiracy theorists suggested that the brain was stolen in order to hide proof that Kennedy had been shot from the front, rather than from behind - and by someone other than Oswald. More recently, in his 2014 book, End of Days: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy, author James Swanson suggests that the president’s brain had been taken by his younger brother, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, â€Å"perhaps to conceal evidence of the true extent of President Kennedys illnesses, or perhaps to conceal evidence of the number of medications that President Kennedy was taking.† Still, others suggest the much less glamorous possibility that the remains of the president’s brain simply got lost somewhere in the fog of confusion and bureaucracy that followed the assassination. Since the last batch of declassified official JFK assassination records released on Nov. 9, 2017, shed no light on the mystery, the whereabouts of JFK’s brain remains unknown today. The Secrets of Einsteins Brain The brains of powerful, intelligent, and talented people like JFK have long been favorite targets of â€Å"collectors† who believe a study of the organs might reveal the secrets of their former owners’ success. Sensing that his brain was somehow â€Å"different,† super-genius physicist Albert Einstein had occasionally expressed his wishes to have his body donated to science. However, the creator of the groundbreaking theory of relativity never bothered to write down his wishes. After he died in 1955, Einstein’s family directed that he - meaning all of him - be cremated. However, Dr. Thomas Harvey, the pathologist who performed the autopsy, decided to remove Albert’s brain before releasing his body to the undertakers. Much to the displeasure of the genius’ loved ones, Dr. Harvey stored Einstein’s brain in his home for nearly 30 years, rather unceremoniously, preserved in two plain Mason jars. The rest of Einstein’s body was cremated, with his ashes scattered in secret locations. After Dr. Harvey’s death in 2010, the remains of Einstein’s brain were transferred to the National Museum of Health and Medicine near Washington, D.C. Since then, 46 thin slices of the brain have been mounted on microscope slides displayed at the Mà ¼tter Museum in Philadelphia. Napoleon’s Man Part After conquering most of Europe, diminutive French military genius and emperor Napoleon Bonaparte died in exile on May 5, 1821. During an autopsy done the next day, Napoleon’s heart, stomach, and other â€Å"vital organs† were removed from his body. While several people witnessed the procedure, one of them reportedly decided to leave with some souvenirs. In 1916, heirs of Napoleons chaplain, Abbà © Ange Vignali, sold a collection of Napoleonic artifacts, including what they claimed to be the emperor’s penis. Whether actually part of Napoleon or not - or even a penis at all - the manly artifact changed hands several times over the years. Finally, in 1977, the item believed to be Napoleon’s penis was sold at auction to leading American urologist John J. Lattimer. While modern forensic tests conducted on the artifact confirm that it is a human penis, whether it was ever really attached to Napoleon remains unknown. John Wilkes Booths Neck Bones or Not? While he might have been an accomplished assassin, John Wilkes Booth was a lousy escape artist. Not only did he break his leg just after murdering President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, just 12 days later, he was shot in the neck and killed in a barn in Port Royal, Virginia. During the autopsy, Booth’s third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae were removed in an attempt to find the bullet. Today, the remains of Booth’s spine are preserved and often displayed at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, D.C. According to government assassination reports, Booth’s body was eventually released to the family and buried in an unmarked grave in a family plot at Baltimore’s Green Mount Cemetery in 1869. Since then, however, conspiracy theorists have suggested that it was not Booth who was killed in that Port Royal barn or buried in that Green Mount grave. One popular theory contends Booth escaped justice for 38 years, living until 1903, supposedly committing suicide in Oklahoma. In 1995, Booth’s descendants filed a court request to have the body buried at Green Mount Cemetery exhumed in hopes that it could be identified as their infamous relative or not. Despite having the support of the Smithsonian Institution, the judge denied the request citing previous water damage to the burial plot, evidence that other family members had been buried there, and publicity from the â€Å"less than convincing escape/cover-up theory.† Today, however, the mystery might be solved by comparing DNA from Booth’s brother Edwin to the autopsy bones in the National Museum of Health and Medicine. However, in 2013, the museum denied a request for a DNA test. In a letter to Maryland Sen. Chris Van Hollen, who had helped craft the request, the museum stated, â€Å"the need to preserve these bones for future generations compels us to decline the destructive test.† The Salvaging of Stonewall Jacksons Left Arm As Union bullets zipped around him, Confederate General Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson would famously sit â€Å"like a stone wall† astride his horse during the Civil War. However, Jackson’s luck or bravery let him down during the 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville, when a bullet accidentally fired by one of his own Confederate riflemen ripped through his left arm. In what was the common practice of early battlefield trauma treatment, surgeons amputated Jackson’s tattered arm. As the arm was about to be unceremoniously thrown onto a pile of similarly amputated limbs, military chaplain Rev. B. Tucker Lacy decided to save it. As Chancellorsville Park ranger Chuck Young tells visitors, â€Å"Remembering that Jackson was the rock star of 1863, everybody knew who Stonewall was, and to have his arm just simply thrown on the scrap pile with the other arms, Rev. Lacy couldnt let that happen.† Just eight days after his arm was amputated, Jackson died of pneumonia. Today, while most of Jackson’s body is buried at the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery in Lexington, Virginia, his left arm is entered in a private cemetery at Ellwood Manor, not far from the field hospital where it was amputated. The Travels of Oliver Cromwells Head Oliver Cromwell, the sternly Puritan Lord Protector of England, whose parliamentary or â€Å"Godly† party tried to ban Christmas in the 1640s, was far from a wild and crazy guy. But after he died in 1658, his head really got around. Starting as a Member of Parliament during  the reign of King Charles I (1600-1649), Cromwell fought against the king during the English Civil War, taking over as Lord Protector after Charles was beheaded for high treason. Cromwell died at age 59 in 1658 from an infection in his urinary tract or kidneys. Following an autopsy, his body was then buried - temporarily - in Westminster Abbey. In 1660, King Charles II - who had been exiled by Cromwell and his cronies - ordered Cromwell’s head placed on a spike in Westminster Hall as a warning to potential usurpers. The rest of Cromwell was hanged and re-buried in an unmarked grave. After 20 years on the spike, Cromwell’s head circulated around small London area museums until 1814, when it was sold to a private collector named Henry Wilkinson. According to reports and rumors, Wilkerson often took the head to parties, using it as a historic - though rather grizzly - conversation-starter. The Puritan leader’s party days finally ended for good in 1960, when his head was permanently buried in the chapel at Sidney Sussex College in Cambridge.

Stereotypes, Cyborg & Moral Panics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stereotypes, Cyborg & Moral Panics - Essay Example Categorically, it is a first-person shooter video game released in different formats such as XBox, Wii and PC. Its theme is quite similar to another war simulation game known as Medal of Honor. However, Medal of Honor ( MOH) is played only from the perspective of an American soldier. The first Call of Duty gives the player two other perspectives: Soviet and British since the computer provides allies from these countries. In short, the game simulates the real allied forces during World War 2. According to Metacritic ( 2003), Call of Duty had a rating of 91 which is quite a feat since the 44 critic reviews were ravishing. Metacritic is website that publishes game reviews so that the gaming public would not waste their money and time on badly scripted games. Critic reviewers of video games are often harsh since the industry is filled with frustrating games. Luckily, aside from getting superb reviews from game sites, Call of Duty garnered awards such as â€Å"Game of the Year Award 2004 ( from the Academy of Interactive Sciences) as well as Computer Game of the Year . Because of its popularity, various spin-off of the game such as Call of Duty 2, Call of Duty 3 and the recent Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare has evolved. The most modern version, Call of Duty 4 : World at War 2 was released for different consoles such as Xbox360, PlayStation 3 and Wii; moreover, it also had a PC version for Windows and Mac OS X. However the most controversial version was that of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare ( CODMW) which was released last April 2007. According to gamepro.com, COD MW sold 7 million copies, however , that was as far as January 2008. News report of USA Today ( 2009 ) claims that the game has sold 11 million copies. Aside from gaining sales and top video ratings, the game also earned a lot of controversy. For one, the game gives the player an option to play good guy by defending the capital. Conversely, the player can

Importance of Children in Foster Care Homes Thesis Proposal

Importance of Children in Foster Care Homes - Thesis Proposal Example This time, however, one of the peasants jumps up and begins to run away from the shore. His friend, horrified, rushes after him shouting, â€Å"Where are you going? Aren’t you interested in saving this child?† The departing peasant looks back and replies as he rushes away. â€Å"I can’t sit idly by and watch the destruction of one child at a time. I am going upstream to find the root cause, what’s at the heart of this unfortunate situation.† Introduction Children in foster care homes have been separated from their parents and families over a period of time. There are various factors that contribute for children being in foster care homes. Some of the factors are poverty, violence and abuse in the home, the death of parents, armed conflict or natural disasters. Separated children are not a homogenous group. Separation comes in many different forms. Children in foster care homes can be categorized according to the factors that may have caused their se paration. Some examples are: children who have been orphaned, especially those orphaned by HIV and AIDS; children who have been separated for the purposes of exploitation; child refugees who have been separated from family by armed conflict; and children with a disability placed in institutional care. There needs to be more focus on children living in foster care homes by providing safe, permanent, nurturing families within the child's community. Children being separated from their parents are an important issue because it can affect a child's survival and development. Very young children are especially vulnerable, with 0-3 years old facing increased risk of mortality if they lose their mothers (UNICEF et al 2006). The sexual abuse and early sexual activity associated with some forms of separation, such as early marriage or trafficking into prostitution, exposes children to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and girls to the risks associated with early pregnancy (Pinheiro 2006) . Children living on the streets and children who have been in conflict with the law have been noted to engage in risky activities which expose them to HIV infections. Orphans are also more at risk of STIs than non-Orphans. Violence, abuse and neglect suffered by separated children can threaten physical health and chances of survival. The abuse, neglect, exploitation and loss often associated with separation can also cause major mental health problems. Researchers suggest high levels of anxiety and depression amongst orphans with 12% stating that they sometimes wished they were dead (UNICEF et al 2006). It has also been reported that a staggering 1 in 10 young people living in the foster care homes commit suicide (Pinheiro 2006). There is widespread evidence that children who are denied a loving, continuous bond with a parental figure suffer major developmental setbacks. Background and significance There are over 500,000 children in the United States that have currently resided in s ome form of foster care. Placements in foster care have dramatically increased over the past 10 years. Despite the increasing numbers, children in foster care and foster parents are mostly invisible in the communities and often lack many needed supports and resources. Majority of children that are separated from their parents are unable to receive an adequate education. Children in foster care homes lag behind their peers on every measure of educational opportunity. The numbers include a 23 percent dropout rate compared with 9 percent of the general student population, half in special education compared with 12 percent, and 52 percent reading below grade level compared with 38 percent. In addition, only 3 percent of foster children obtain a Bachelor's

Arizona Immigration Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Arizona Immigration Law - Research Paper Example Section 2.8b. States: â€Å"For any lawful contact made †¦ a reasonable attempt shall be made, when practicable, to determine the immigration status of the person.† (Senate research). This is crucial as it seeks to protect the rights of lawful immigrants in the country. Section 3.f. clarifies this by stating: â€Å"This section does not apply to a person who maintains authorization from the federal government to remain in the United States.† The constitution requires that governments protect their citizens from crimes such as burglary and foreign security threats. By enacting the immigration law, Arizona legislators acted in accordance with the constitution to protect the citizens. The law seeks to curb potential national threats from immigrants in possession of deadly weapons and anything that can be used in executing terror attacks. The country suffers a security threat from illegal immigrants who might commit crimes and undertake terrorist attacks hence any legi slation against them is much welcomed. In the US federal prisons, 25% of the inmates are illegal aliens, and 12% of total felonies and 25% of burglaries can be attributed to illegal aliens. The Arizona immigration law prevents law enforcement officers from color discriminations when contacting people. It provides that for one to be conducted he or she must have committed a crime. This acts, if implemented as intended, to curb racial profiling. It would be in concordant with the Fourth Amendment of the US Constitution, which states: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects†. Being secure in their persons means that no one will be subject to discrimination by the mere fact that they are white or black, but they will have to violate the law for a contact to be made. The provision for a person to fill a legal suit if there is an adopted or implemented policy that hinders or limits the enforcement of the Federal Immigration Laws means the enforcers will feel compelled at all times to act so as to ensure the aliens are kept at bay. This will act in the benefit of the citizens and the legal aliens to keep away the negative effects associated with these illegal immigrants, some being severe such as rapes, theft, burglary and terror. In addition, this law necessitates the removal of more law breakers from will Arizona. According to the US constitution, each state’s citizens are entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of citizens in the other states. Some of these privileges include employment opportunities. In line to this, the Arizona Immigration Law (SB 1070) requires all employers to properly scrutinize their potential employees before hiring them through the e-verification in order to ensure they are legal in the country. This provision prevents the illegal immigrants from taking away jobs from the citizens and hence, a beneficial one. It further requires employers to keep a record of the employee for a t least three months and further stipulates that incase an employer has hired an illegal emigrant, he or she should be aligned in a court of law. It also gives the state the right to suspend or terminate business licenses whenever the business entities violate this legislation. This strongly defends the US citizens’ privilege to access job opportunities in their states. It can also be argued that the Arizona Immig

Introduction To Rubber Tree Computer Science Essay

Introduction To Rubber Tree Computer Science Essay Rubber tree is a tree that is used by the world community to collect the product. The product from rubber trees not only wood but also sap. However, the main product is rubber latex itself. Rubber trees are not available in many countries in the world. It was first found in the forests of Brazil. So far many countries for the purpose of planting rubber trees and agricultural economies of their countries in Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Indonesia especially. Planting date became one of the major industries in these countries as economic resources and produce quality rubber. Rubber seedlings began to be brought into Malaysia from Brazil in 1877 from Hevea Brasiliansis sepsis. However, commercial rubber cultivation began in 1902 and continues to grow at the same time contributing to the highest exports in the Philippines until the 1970s. Hence, Malaysia is a major producer after Indonesia and Thailand. However, state revenue through sales of rubber-based products began to decline in recent years due to the use of synthetic rubber is more expensive than natural rubber in the market. To overcome this problem a lot of steps have been made to improve the quality of rubber produced. At the same time, a new effort has been made to diversify the products and rubber-based products. Besides latex, rubber trees have also been used in the furniture industry; the rubber leaves the country but also now has its own value in the handicraft industry in Malaysia. Seeing the potential and the rubber industry are very proud and vibrant, the planting of rubber is recognized as a long-term enterprise that requires careful planning and commitment to achieve lasting results and quality. PROBLEM STATEMENT The thing that should do in this final project is to improve already tapping knife at market so that it can simplify rubber tapper to do their works. The products at market and also use by tappers are not comfort and ergonomic to hold. Besides, the knife uses by rubber tappers at this time need a high skill to use. It is hard for new rubber tapper or anyone that dont have a skill to conduct this particular works. If the tap is too deep it can cause damage on the wood. In this project most important thing should be done is improve at latex incise machine at market now a days so that it can simplify tapper to do their work. The existing product at market always used by tappers not really comfort and ergonomic to be hold. Besides, the knife has been used by tappers need a high skill to use. If the incision is too deep will cause touch the stem tree and make the tree have a bump on it. So, to improvement that will do on this knife so that it can be used by tappers or even other people who do not have an experience or skill before. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT To ensure that these problems can be overcome, some objectives have been placed so do not come out of its original purpose to solve the problem. The objective of this set is referred to the statement of the problem. The objectives are: Design a new knife so that it is comfort when use. It can be use by anyone who does not have a skill also. The tapping knife using electricity concept and can produce a same quantity and quality by using conventional method. SCOPE OF WORK The scope of this project is to design a comfort incise machine when hold by using material can absorb the vibration while tapping process. Besides, this tapping knife will be add with electrical element to make the incision process faster and produce a same quality and quantity with using the conventional way. The usage of electrical element inside the incise machine easy to used and can be recharge the battery so that tappers cannot spent a much money on that. The incise machine should have a mark so that it can be used by people who do not have skill. After that, the fabrication of the machine should be do and test. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW HISTORY OF RUBBER TREE Rubber was originally used by native Central and South America. They have learned to produce a variety of latex products such as shoes are simple, bottles and a ball that can bounce. The famous traveler Christopher Columbus since 1496 the indigenous peoples of the world have seen playing with rubber ball like this. Materials that are considered odd were brought into Europe, and scientists have begun studying this material carefully to know the true state of this material. Starting in the early 19th century, changes began to occur. In 1820, a person who is of English, Thomas Hancock invented a machine to soften, mix and form a rubber scrap. As a result of using this machine is a flexible and waterproof. In the 1870s, the Sir Henry Nickham was sent to Brazil to collect rubber seeds. Over 70,000 rubber seeds were collected and brought back to England. Half of the seeds that were planted in special hot houses at Kew Gardens is located in London. Rubber seedlings sent to Sri Lanka and Pakistan and then to other countries in Southeast Asia to be planted on a large scale In 1839, an American, Charles Goodyear was aware that the raw rubber could be improved by heating it with sulfur. This process known as vulcanization process. In the vulcanization process is to improve the quality of the rubber. Changes in temperature either low temperature or vice versa does not affect the rubber member is processed with this new way. With more discoveries of rubber has become an extremely popular and used until now even become a very important matter in life. Rubber has many uses. Malaysia became one of the main suppliers of rubber in the world. With the weather hot and humid all year round in Malaysia, it is suitable for rubber cultivation on a large scale. The end of the 19th century, the use of cars in the United States began preferred. Not long later, Henry Ford was producing thousands of cars at the factory. Accordingly, the demand for rubber tires and spare parts of other cars has soared. So, the more rubber trees were planted to supply the required rubber. Many rubber plantations are open either a small or large from the north down to south of Malaysia. All of this is to accommodate the high demand for the world rubber industry. Therefore, many countries follow the rest of the world. THE DISEASES OF RUBBER TREE Rubber tree planted should be treated with good care and require regular monitoring. If the rubber trees are planted not be maintained and regularly monitoring it will cause the rubber tree easy to get infected. However, the diseases of rubber trees are not only attacking the young and new rubber trees but also attacks matured tree. Therefore, careful monitoring should be conducted with regular frequency so that the rubber trees grow healthy and lead to a good quality rubber. The diseases namely: Root disease (Penyakit Akar) Mushroom Disease (Penyakit Cendawan) Stem disease 2.2.1 Root Disease Root disease is a deadly disease that attacks the matured rubber tree. Root diseases cause by fungi that attack the root bark at first, and then penetrate the wood and rubber tree roots eventually become outdated and dead. Fungal spores to be blown by the air and landed in any parts of the rubber tree wood that s expose due to wound or injury. In addition, root disease may be cause by a meeting of the roots; the well roots meet with disease roots. There are six types of diseases that attack the roots of rubber tree, the white root disease (Penyakit akar putih), red root disease (penyakit akar merah) and brown root disease (penyakit akar perang) that can be classified into major types. The name of root disease is based on the skin colour. Another three types of root disease are called Penyakit Akar LapukUstulina, Penyakit Akar Lapuk Poria,and Penyakit Akar Lapuk Busuk. White Root Disease (Penyakit Akar putih) The name of fungus that attack white root disease is Rigidoporous Lignosus. The white root disease assumes the most dangerous because it is easy to faster spread. The fungus is white colour and look like a thread covered around the root. The shape of Rigidoporous Lignosus is circle and big at based and sharp thin at the end and getting change at the colour to light orange. The mother of the fungus is orange at the top and red at the bottom. The mother of fungus usually can be seen at the dead stumps and its always attack a young tree. Red Root Disease (Penyakit Akar Merah) The fungus that attack red root disease called Ganoderma Pseudoferrum. This fungus is red and blotched at root. This disease attack by soil attached to the root. The mother of red root disease is dark red at the top and light grey at bottom part. This fungus is usually found on dead stumps because of the infected of the disease. Brown Root Disease (Penyakit Akar Perang) Â  The fungus that attack brown root disease is called Phellius Noxius. The fungus condition of brown root disease is almost same with red root disease but the colour of the fungus is brown. The root condition that attack by the disease is freckled when its cut into two. Besides, it is can be seen the strips on the surface. Others Root Diseases Besides the big root disease, there are three types of small root disease. Penyakit Akar Lapuk Ustulina because of Ustulina Deusta fungus. This type of disease can be treated by loping which root that have infected and then swept with tar. Penyakit Akar Lapuk Poria because of Poria Hyperbrunnea. The way to solve the disease is same with Penyakit Akar Lapuk Ustulina. For penyakit Akar Lapuk Busuk it is because Sphaerostilbe Repens. This disease can be treated by remove all the infected tree together with its roots. In addition, the water system should be repaired so that root disease can be controlled. 1.2.2 Bad Mushroom Disease In bad mushroom disease there are three types of it, which: Bad Mushroom Disease The fungus that attack bad is Ceratocystis Fimbriota. The rubber tree that always attack by bad mushroom disease is a clone tree which PR107 and RRIM600. Bad mushroom disease usually attack tapping panel at rainy season moreover if the field is copse. The tapping panel will be obsolete and there are fine patches in white colour which a little upper from the incision groove. Next, the patches change into grey. When grow, the patches are not same with the groove incision. The fungal spores Ceratocystis Fimbriota can spread faster when it is blown by air or wind and insects. Besides, the infection of the bad mushroom disease also happened through incision instruments mostly the knife itself. Black Scratch Disease (Penyakit Calar Hitam) The fungus that attack black scratch disease is Phytophthora Palmirora. This disease attack on the incision panel of the tree. Rubber trees that always infected by these diseases are from clone PB 86, PR107, AVRUS 2037, RRIM 600 and RRIM 623. Incision Panel Necrosis (Nekrosis Panel Torehan) The fungus that attack the incision panel necrosis is called Fusarium Solani. These types of disease attack a new panel incision and sometimes also attack the old tree. The types of tress that always attack by this particular disease are; PB 5/51, PB 28/83, PR 107, RRIM 605, RRIM 612, RRIM 623 and RRIM 628. Panel incision disease attack a new panel and boundary groove panel. Sometimes, this disease attacks the injury of the tree. The injury diameter in 0.5 until 1.5cm dark brown colour or may be grey can be seen at the incision groove. Wind Fungal Disease (Penyakit Cendawan Angin) The fungal name of the wind fungal disease is Corticum Salmonicolor. This disease usually attack limb and branch of rubber tree age between three to eight years old. This disease worst on rainy season. The trees that expose to the disease are RRIM 501, RRIM 600, RRIM 607, PB 28/59 and PR 255. 1.2.3 Stem Disease There are two types in stem disease. The two types are: Bad Stem Disease (Penyakit batang Lapuk Ustulina) The name of the fungus is Ustulina Deusta. This disease attack everywhere around tree stems. The fly Ustulina Deusta fungus spores will penetrate the stems tree through the expose tissue or old illness. Besides, there are trees that injured because of lightning and burn easy to get this disease. Phellinus Bad Stem Disease (Penyakit Batang Lapuk Phellinus) The fungus that attacks these types of disease is called Phellinus Noxius. This disease always attack matured tree. The fungus spores attack and infect parts or injured limb, the infected mostly happened at injured because of air blow. The injured part then will spread until the root of the tree. The stem the will form like a bees nest because of the disease. RUBBER PROCESSING The raw latex from rubber tapper need to process before it is sent to factory or export. The processing of raw latex is in few ways. For example of the process is based on the weight, pure latex is 1/3 of rubber besides sugar, protein and salt that dissolved together in water. The first process called conglomeration process. The latex then will be sieve first to remove all unneeded stain and foreign material. Next, the latex will pour into a tank or big reservoir with much water and will be added ascetic acid or formic inside it. This will cause the particle of the rubber combine together and became a solid conglomeration. Inside the tank, the latex will form into rubber sheet by using a metal plate. This rubber sheet then will be sent to do a drying process. A big roller use to squeeze the water that still inside the dried rubber as much as can. The next step is the rubber sheets will cut into small parts and will dry once again by smoky process. This process indirectly avoid the rubber sheet from infect by fungus. Another one process to produce a rubber is the rubber will be cut into smaller pieces by machine and will added an oil inside it, drying and will be pressed became a rubber. Besides, rubber also sells inform of latex. Water will be separate from the water and then it will add some chemical to avoid the latex became conglomeration. Therefore, these processes did by machine. The processed latex called viscous latex and this latex very useful mostly for factories that produce goods like rubber glove and host pipe. HOW THE RUBBER TREE BEING INCISE To get much quantity and result of the latex, the tree must be incised by early morning. This is because at the early morning latex is easy to flow and produce much latex when incise. Even so, if the tree incised at late evening or even noon the latex is hard to flow and produce little latex compared incise at early morning. To incise, rubber tapper need a special knife to incise stem bark layer. The process to incise the bark need to do very detail and carefully so that it cannot hurt the stem tree. The incision will pierce over the cells of the tree and then latex will flow slowly through it and go into the cup that placed at the bottom stem tree. The cup that container the rubber placed at the bottom of incision stem bark area. However, to start incision at a new tree and not ever incise before, the incision should start 150cm from the root or land and diameter 45cm. The latex that flow out from the tree is white and like milk. The latex will stop from flow two to three hours afte r the incision process. After two or three hours rubber tapper came back to collect the product by pouring the latex into a bucket. After that, rubber tappers bring their product to collecting centre. At the collecting centre, buyers already there to buy their entire product to send to the factory that need a rubber product. Even so, if the selling in form of rubber scrap rubber tappers will collect their product after two or three incision process equal with two or three days after the tree incised. The scrap will solidify based on the form of the cup. At the scrap can be see the line on solidify latex on the days. THE INCISION WAYS OF RUBBER TREE Rubber tree can be incised by two ways which: Pulling Way (Downwards Tapping) Pushing Way (Upwards Tapping) 1.5.1 Pulling Way Pulling incision usually used by most tappers in Malaysia especially in north. This way uses a different knife with pushing incision knife. The shape of this ways knife is curve at the end of the knife. 1.5.2 Pushing Way While pushing incision mostly use at south Malay namely Johor. The knife in this incision totally not same with pulling way knife because this knife shape is straight and V shape at the blade. However, tappers preferred to use pulling ways better then pushing way. Even there are two types of incision way, but the ways of incision never contribute to the how much the latex flow out or the quantity from the tree. INCISION TECHNIQUE The technique of incision is important so that the incised tree produce maximum latex. Moreover, the right technique contributes to good result for tappers. The purpose of the technique incision is to cut the latex channel systematically where the latex can be produce systematically. This technique is introduced by RISDA. There are some factors contribute to the better result. The factors are: The Channel of Incision The incise tree will produce latex which flow out through the channel inside the bark tree itself. The location of these channels placed at left bottom around the stem tree and lean about 3.7Â ° to 5Â ° from vertical line. To produce the latex from the tree, the channels should be cut. The furrow of incision must do from left top to right bottom for cut much latex channel. Location of latex channel Wrong incision way Right incision way Figure 2.6.1 The channel of incision The Steep of Channel Incision The channel incision should be made by way so that to get the maximum result with a minimum bark uses. The preferred is 30Â °. The bark of clone tree usually thinner, but the latex is much, the extra steep make the latex flow out faster into the ready cup and it not overflow to the stem of the tree. The High of Channel Incision The high of channel incision should make from the ground up to150cm or 5 feet. The high can be measure by a special instrument or for old tappers they can assume the high and the steep itself. If there is a limb between high 150cm, the limb should be lopped. The Trunk Diameter The stem or trunk can be opened is 45cm incision site, measured according to the recommended height of 150cm for the ground or land. Tapping Time The best time to do tapping process is when the rubber tree can be seen without the aid of light or about 6.30a.m. Tugor pressure are still strong at that time accelerate the flow of latex. Besides, the tree is still fresh and efficiently drains the latex. The result tapping at 6a.m more than 20% than tapping at 2p.m where the normal incision cannot be implemented because of rain and wet his incision site and through late incision is at 11a.m. The Depth of Incision The bark of the rubber tree consists of several layers: Outer layer Skin cork: as a protective layer inside. Second layer Hard cover: also known as layer of rock because there are very little vessels of latex. Third layer Soft skin: there are many channels inside it. Table 1.6.6 Number of latex vessels cut The latex channel position is in the ring in the closed circle. Near the timber there is a cambium skin. The fifth layer is the channel horizontally across the skin, called the radius of the pitch. Role in bringing water from the cambium allergic skin and food from skin wood. Number of latex vessels cut The deep of tapping Number of latex vessels cut 2.0mm from the skin 1.5mm from the skin 1.0mm from the skin 0.5mm from the skin 38 48 62 80The Thickness of Incision Table 2.6.7 Number of latex vessel cut The thickness of incision did not significantly affect the production of latex because latex are coming out are equal. Thick slices will: Curtail economic age of rubber trees. Recovery could not tap the skin. Just enough to remove the clog pumps latex at the end of the channels estimation interval of 1mm to hack a day. To score two and three day interval required for same thick skin incision on the beam was gradually dried. CALCULATION METHOD OF PRODUCTIVITY AND SELLS PRICE OF RUBBER Rubber Productivity Calculation PRODUCT (kg/hec/year) = g/t/t x NTS/1000 Where; g/t/t result for one incision tree NTS number of tree for one hectare NID number of incision day Example: g/t/t = 30g NTS = 500 trees NID = 144 days Product (hectare/year) = 30 x 500 x 144/1000 = 2, 160kg Rubber Sells Price Calculation SMR 20 Price = 560.00 cent/kg Discount price: = 100.00 cent/kg Sos = 13.17 cent/kg Processing cost = 35.00 cent/kg Logistic/shipping cost = 10.00 cent/kg Others cost = 11.22 cent/kg Transportation = 10.00 cent/kg Margin = 10.00 cent/kg Total = 120.00 cent/kg Price for 100% KGK: = 560 120.00 cent/kg = 440.00 cent/kg 50% KGK: 440 cent x 50% = 220.00 cent/kg 55% KGK: 440 cent x 55% = 242.00 cent/kg 62% KGK: 440 cent x 62% = 272.80 cent/kg KGK Kandungan Getah Kering Example: Wet scrap product = 4,000 kg/hectare/year KGK = 50% Income = 4,000kg x 220 cent/kg = RM 8,800/hectare/year PRODUCT OF RUBBER OR LATEXS All transportation in road and air like cars, buses, lories, bicycle and airplane are use tyre made from rubber. Rubber use to make tyres because it resist to high temperature when it friction to the road. The production of world rubber spends about 60% to tyres industries. Tyre divides to four components which inner tube, side wall, frame and the pattern of the tyre. In tyre processing the most important element is carbon. Carbon is fine black powder that make tyre is black. For each kilogram rubber use to produce tyre, almost half of that are carbon. Besides, carbon able to increase rubber strength and it can avoid the tyre from torn. Another raw material used in tyre process is steel thread, nylon synthetic rubber and so on. The base of tyre is frame. The frame produced by insert the rubber into the roller machine. The machine will process rubber mixture until it became a smooth rubber sheet. The rubber sheet will friction with something called tetulang. The side wall as a protector from damage. The side wall and the tyres pattern are built separately. Lastly the tyre will go to machine to do the shaping process. The machine called press machine. All tyres have a different structure. For example, airplane uses 100% pure rubber in their process. 2.9 PATENT SEARCH For this product which latex incise machine, there have no paten because almost rubber tappers use conventional way to tapping which use an old knife. However, there still have private person who design and develop an incise machine to simplify tappers to tapping with comfort and more ergonomic. Even so, the designed incise machine not be patented and this is cause the related data of the machine none. For that matter, in this research, existing product used to be studied detail about usage of the already existing instrumentation. EXISTING PRODUCT OF TAPPING KNIFE The existing product at market took to be studied about their usage detail before design a new incise machine for tapper. The existing product at market now days still the conventional way which using the traditional knife to tap. However, there are knifes got a little improvement on it to simplify tappers. Figure 2.10.1 Traditional knife The picture above shows the traditional knife use by almost rubber tappers in Malaysia. The knife made by metal entire the knife. The holder of the knife make by metal too. Even though the price of the knife cheap but if the blade or the cutter of the knife is broken then tappers need to change to the new one. The holder is hard and will hurt tappers hand when they hold on it. Figure 2.10.2 Improved knife This is another one of tapping knife sells at market. This knife is improved by the old knife. This knife was designed and produce by Electrolux Company. The holder made by plastic. This way can reduce hurt and force on tappers hand when their use this knife. Besides, this knife has a roller at the cutter to easier tapping process. The knife can move freely and easy without stuck because of this roller. The cutter blade also has an adjuster to setup the required deep and thickness when tapping. In addition, this instrument is light in their weight because it has been change the material at the holder. OTHERS TECHNOLOGY Besides the current technology or conventional way use now days to get latex, there is another technique use to get latex from rubber tree which called Impale way. Impale way use a special needle made from steel. This way very seldom use in Malaysia or even entire world. This is because this technique just produces a little latex than using a tapping technique using knife. This technique did by impale the needle to make a small hole at the bark or skin of rubber tree by followed the latex channel inside the bark. Other technique to produce maximum latex when tapping is using a gas to embolden the latex flow out. One of the techniques called G-Flex technique. This technique was introduced by RISDA. This way is used about five years ago. The usage of this technique increases the income of rubber tappers for many times. This technique is a embolden technique that used etilina gas that give to the tree directly with a periodic time. It is use a special instrument and just need a short incision. Usage of this way will produce 100% latex than using already existing technique. The use of this gas is safe and friendly user and nature with a cheaper cost. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter will describe how the designing incision machine. Before do the designing process there are few factors that need to know and do to get some information and data about the existing incision instrument. Designing process starts with get information from related people in this industry. This information and data are very important to design an incision machine that can be accepted by people mostly by tappers. In this chapter also will describe how the finding information did and analyzed the information. After the analyzed process done, designing process can be start based on the customer requirement. 3.2 METHOD OF COLLECTING INFORMATION AND DATA To collect required information to enable designing new latex incise machine, a few methods are used. The used methods are the best methods to find and collect information based on the next process. This method have been choose because it can give more information require in order to dissolve this project. The methods used are: Questionnaire Observation Interview 3.2.1 Questionnaire For this method, the related questions asked to get the ensure, data and related information with the procedure and the management when incision process did. The questionnaire asks for rubber tappers in Kedah and Perlis. Most of the question is related with the incision technique and the product from the incision. 3.2.2 Observation This method did to see how the tappers work on the field and see the result. This method is done together with questionnaire while go to the field to see tappers work. 3.3.3 Interview This method did to know about the current technology that related with latex incise machine in Malaysia or even entire world. This interview did at RISDA Alor Setar main office. All the question that have been asked is about the technology of incision and about the rubber tree itself. 3.3 ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION AND DATA 3.3.1 Time tappers go to their work Figure 3.3.1 Chart of working time From the pie chart above it shows the time when the tappers go to their works. The charts tells the mostly tapper around five person from ten responders go to works at 8 a.m. follow by three responders go work at 7 a.m. and another two responders go work at 6 a.m. This is because most responders are women. They go for works after finish their works at house first before go to tapping. For responders who go for works at 6 a.m. is for contract tappers for example from Thailand. 3.3.2 Time of tappers working hours Figure 3.3.2 Chart of time of tapers working hours From the chart can be seeing that most of tapper works around five hours a day. It is follow by four hours and three hours a day. However, there still have tappers work more than five hours. The hour of working of tappers are actually depending on weather. If the day is rainy, tapper would not go to work and vice versa. Besides, the working hour also depend on the tappers effort to their work, if they have any matters to do so the working hour will be short and vice versa. 3.3.3 Days of tappers works in a week Figure 3.3.3 Chart of days of tappers work in a week The day of work by tapper is not consistent. It depends on area of the field. If tappers have more than one field, the tapping process in field will do alternate with other field but most of tappers work five days in a week follow by six days, four days and the rest is work almost every days. 3.3.4 Number of tree tapping in a day Figure 3.3.4 Chart of number of tapped tree in a day Most of tapper will tap more than 500 trees in a day. However, the number of tree is depending on the tappers effort to tap a number of the trees. The data followed by 400 trees, 300 trees and the rest is 200 and 100 trees in a day by the same value. The number o the tree will be tap is based on field area that tappers work on the day. One hectare of rubber field content about 500 to 550 trees. So, tapper will work based on the area of the field. 3.3.5 Time take to incise for a tree Figure 3.3.5 Chart of time of incision The time of the incising process is depending on the tappers skill. If the tapper has a high skill so they just need a short time for one incision process. From the pie chat above, all responders are needs ten second to incise one tree. 3.3.6 The way to incise Figure 3.3.6 Chart of incision technique There are two ways of incision technique which upwards incision and downwards incision. The chart shows all responders use downwards technique. This technique is base on tappers comfortable level when incise. Can be says that most tappers in Malaysia use downwards technique to incise better than upwards technique. However, there is still has tapper use upwards technique. The analysis above describes few questions that contain in questionnaire. All those questions are to see the way of tappers manage their work and the technique of their work so that design process of new latex incise machine can do. 3.4 VOICE OF CUSTOMER NEED Voice

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing Essay -- Research Papers, Globalization

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing. 1. Introduction Globalization has lead to increase in international trade and a greater role for multinational corporations. With the rise of globalization many companies are turning to either off shoring or offshore outsourcing. In India and China, companies like IBM, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, and Novell choose to get services from sub-contractors in these countries or move their development and support jobs there. Outsourcing is to contract out some of company’s activities to a third party company. The company who outsourced and the third party who is going to handle the activities for the company are joined by means of an outsourcing arrangement. This practice became even more popular after the dot-com crash of the early 21st century. As many businesses struggled with cash-flow problems, many investors were leary in investing money in high-tech companies, which many felt were still vulnerable to the dot-com effect. Struggling to do more with less, companies looked for less expensive avenues of development and support. For the United States, Indiaseemed like a perfect resource for these needs since most nationals speak english. A company can hire an engineer in India, for example, for US$10,000 a year where an equally qualified engineer in the U.S. could cost $60,000-$90,000 a year. Outsourcing has been big political issue as highly educated and highly paid IT workers lose their jobs. In this competitive environment, companies have to concentrate on competency and they want to outsource everything to reduce cost so the trend toward offshore outsourcing is increasing. Outsourcing threatens that in future US will not have many technology people. As all the technical work will be ... ...ures/feature.php?wfId=1872298 http://lieberman.senate.gov/newsroom/whitepapers/Offshoring.pdf http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/kirkegaard0204.pdf http://msnbc.msn.com/id/4631368/ http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/outsourcing/story/0,10801,78941,00.html http://www.agilemanagement.net/Articles/Weblog/OutsourcingDebate.html http://www.infoworld.com/article/03/12/19/HNoutsourcing2004_1.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36379-2004Mar30.html http://www.iht.com/articles/127188.html http://www.aicpa.org/pubs/jofa/mar2004/miller.htm http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Outsourcing http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2004/304/perspectives/nv1.htm http://www.nasscom.org/artdisplay.asp?Art_id=1907 http://www.nasscom.org/artdisplay.asp?Art_id=2552 http://www.capgemini.com/adaptive/media/TransOutsourcePOV.pdf

High performance Essay

Conclusion: There are 3 different component dyes in the mix including blue dye, yellow dye and red dye. The blue dye has the highest Rf in chromatography ( Rf=1 in water and ethanol and isoprophy alcohol). The yellow dye has the lowest Rf in chromatography in ethanol and isoprophy alcohol and middle Rf in water (Rf=0.17 and isoprophy alcohol and lowest Rf in water (Rf=0.816 in ethanol, Rf= 0.678 in water and Rf=0.680 in isoprophy alcohol). Real World Connection HPLC-MS stands for High performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. HPLC-MS shares the same principle with paper chromatography. They both separate mixture using the difference in different affinities to mobile/stationary phase of different components. However, HPLC-MC is far different from paper chromatography. Firstly, HPLC-MC is composed of a liquid chromatography and a mass spectrometer. This instrumentation enables HPLC-MC to analyze a much wider range of components. While paper chromatography only qualitatively separate different component in a liquid mixture, HPLC-MS can quantitatively examine each component, including Compounds that are thermally labile, exhibit high polarity or have a high molecular mass. Secondly, paper chromatography use solvent as mobile phase and paper as stationary phase, but in HPLC-MS the mobile phase is the mixture of liquid and the stationary phase is the solid through which liquid flow. Thirdly, paper chromatography can be carried out at normal temperature and pressure, but HPLC-MS sometimes needs to be done under high pressure and certain temperature to successfully drive the liquid through the solid and best demonstrate the difference in affinities of different liquid compound.

How to Set up a Local Area Network essays

How to Set up a Local Area Network essays Networking computers may sound like a complicated task but, in actuality, is not very complex. Networking computers will allow one computer to communicate with other computers without a phone line. This can enable your computer to share files, and play games with the other computers. You will need a network card installed for each computer you are setting up, two network cables, and one network hub. Follow these instructions and your computers will be networked. Connecting the hardware in a network is fairly simple. You take the networking cable and plug it into the networking card in the computer(see picture 1). Then you run the cord to the hub and plug it in(see picture 3). The other networking cable should go from the hub to the networking card in the other computer. That is all that is required for the setup of the hardware. When the network card(see picture 2) is installed, if it is plug and play, the installation wizard will appear. Keep on clicking the next button until the finish button appears. Click the finish button and the software for the card will be installed. Now an icon will appear on the desktop. Right click on the network icon and click on properties. A box will appear, and then you click the identification tab.(see diagram 1) Enter the information boxes, and click on the configuration tab.(see diagram 2) Click on File and Print Sharing, and click both of the little boxes. Some games require that the TCP/IP protocol be set up. Click on the add button and click protocol. Then you click on the add button and Windows will get ready to install the protocol. Click on the Microsoft under the manufacturer and TCP/IP in the network protocol box. The protocol will now be installed when you click the ok button. You will now see an adapter named something like TCP/IP-> HP EN1207D-TX PCI 10/100 Fast Ethernet Adapter. Double click on those words and the TCP/IP Properties box should ...

60-Second Game of Fairy Tale Improv

60-Second Game of Fairy Tale Improv For a good exercise in impromptu storytelling, try performing a well-known fairy tale in one minute flat. Drama classes and acting troupes alike can use the â€Å"60 Second Fairy Tale† to sharpen improvisational skills. Its also a great game for families and kids. How to Play Your cast size should be at least three people. (Four or five would be ideal.) One person serves as the Moderator, a person who interacts with the audience and plays the narrator, if necessary. The rest of the cast are the fairy tale performers. The Moderator asks the audience for fairy tale suggestions. Hopefully, the audience will shout out some great choices: Snow WhiteRapunzelThe Little MermaidHansel and GretelSleeping BeautyLittle Red Riding Hood Then, the Moderator selects a story everyone in the cast knows quite well. Remember, narratives such as â€Å"Cinderella† and â€Å"The Ugly Duckling† are more preferable- and more performable- than obscure fairy tales from ancient Babylonia. The Performance Begins Once the story has been chosen, the 60 second show can start. To keep the storyline fresh in the mind of the performers, the Moderator should quickly recap the key events of the story. Here’s an example: MODERATOR: â€Å"Okay, great, I heard someone suggest â€Å"The Three Little Pigs.† This is the one where three brother pigs each go about building their new homes, one with straw, the other with sticks, and the third with brick. A big bad wolf proceeds to demolish the first two houses, but can’t destroy the third. Now, let’s see this famous fairy tale performed for us in 60 seconds! Action!† Then the performers begin to act out the story. Even though they are trying to complete the entire tale in a very short amount of time, they should still create funny, interesting characters. They should also establish setting and conflict. Whenever the cast members slow things down, the Moderator can prompt them by narrating a new event, or simply by reading from a stopwatch. Nothing moves a scene along like calling out, â€Å"Twenty seconds left!† Variations Although the fast-paced nature of this game is very entertaining, there’s no harm in trying a â€Å"slower† five minute version. That way, actors can take their time and develop more character interactions and hilarious moments. Also, if the well of popular fairy tales runs dry, feel free to try out some of these Aesop fables: Tortoise and the HareThe Mouse and the LionThe Fox and the CrowThe Boy who Cried Wolf Or, if the talented acting troupe has a taste for pop-culture, try performing a movie in a minute. See what you can do with films such as: CasablancaStar WarsThe Wizard of OzGreaseGone with the Wind As with any improvisation activity, the goals are simple: have fun, develop characters, and think fast!

Discrimination in organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination in organizations - Essay Example Gender discrimination is described by Gelfand, Nishii, Raver and Schneider (2007) as a serious form of workplace employment that should not under any given circumstances be dismissed. This paper explores the issue of sex/gender discrimination in organisational set-ups, providing a detailed theoretical background while citing an article in relevance to the subject’s manifestation in an organisational framework. Discrimination in Organisations Today, sex or gender discrimination at the workplace is still evident despite the prevailing talk of gender equality Cortina, Kabat-Farr, Leskinen, Marisela and Magley (2011). Discrimination based on sex can be defined as acting undesirably or treating a person differently; a case that would not have been the same had the person been of a different sex. In most parts of the globe, gender discrimination is considered unjust towards the recipient and thus is illegal (Cortina et al., 2011). The objective of this study is to examine the gender discrimination that occurs at the workplace and increase the organisational awareness of the grave issue. Hypothesis Sex or gender discrimination at the workplace is still widespread. Background A host of research exists regarding the gender discrimination of employees at the workplace. Three court cases have been reviewed by Buchanan (2005) on the issue of sexual harassment. In the findings, women were often subject to dire treatment from their male counterparts who device different excuses and or ways to come into physical contact with them as well as asking them for bodily favours. Furthermore, she reveals that women from these court case studies were subject to unethical sexual images and jokes which not only psychologically affects their minds but also makes them feel uncomfortable at their workplace hence some may decide on resignation as their escape route from insecurity. Another study by Davidson and Eden (2000) examined the issue of gender pay gap based on the 1999 Nation al Faculty Survey Data. This study was aimed at determining the wage gap between male and female employees with similar responsibilities at different public and private institutions. The study revealed that women earn 20.7% less than what men of similar responsibilities earn (Davidson & Eden 2000). In addition, the duo found out that women receive less compensation and benefits as compared to their male employees. A study conducted by Khoreva (2011) to estimate the gender wage gap in the Pakistani labour market has similar findings to those of Davidson and Eden. The study took into account a sample of ninety one thousand three hundred and nineteen men and women of average ages 36 and 32 respectively. The women were fewer than the men; accounting for 48.4% of the total sample. According to Khoreva (2011), the wage gap is continually increasing mainly because of educational differences between men and women as well as the experience of female employees. In addition, the research revea led that women were subject to reduced incentives and benefits as compared to their male counterparts. In his research Lissenburgh (2001) employs the National Survey Data and Human Capital Theory in determining the level of discrimination based on gender in the UK labour markets during the 1990s (Gelfand et al. 2007). The data revealed that women were subject to a 10% pay rise in the event that they pay close attention to human capital factors. Furthermore, some job specifications are more biased towards men with respect to