Landmarks in Humanities Second Edition by Gloria K. Fiero Research Paper

Landmarks in Humanities Second Edition by Gloria K. Fiero - Research Paper Example The irony of the beginning and the end of the end of Rome is that the mythic man who built Rome, Romulus, is the name of the last emperor to rule over the state of Rome. Romulus Augustulus was the last emperor of Rome, his reign ending in 476 BCE when Flavius Odoacer deposed the emperor in the name of Constantinople (Illustrated History of the Roman Empire). This change is most often considered the moment that marks the end of ancient Rome and the beginning of the Western European Middle Ages (Schafer and Cohen 100). According to what is known about the last emperor, he was merely a teenager when his empire fell and was allowed to live, retired to the region of Naples with an annual pension. The power of the emperor had run so low that the new regime felt no threat from his living presence (Sass, Weigand, Pearson and Hattikudur 111). The problem with considering the ‘Fall of Rome’ is in determining exactly when Rome fell. If Rome is considered a concept more than a place, the fall of the empire might not have actually occurred until 1453 when Constantinople fell. If it is considered a place, the fall happened much earlier than the date of the deposing of Romulus Augustulus and occurred when Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Bosporus in Constantinople in 330CE. The only reason that it is considered to have fallen in 476BCE is because the line of emperors was broken during that event, but the fall of the Roman Empire can be considered through a vast number of events which makes the Empire either a short event in history or a very long event in history, spanning more than a millennia (Cunningham and Reich 108). Rome was a phenomenon that has yet to be truly rivaled since its time. At its height, the empire of Rome was spread from Hadrian’s Wall in Briton to the River Euphrates in Western Asia. According to Heather â€Å"interconnected fortress systems, strategic road networks, and professional, highly trained armies both

Ethics Game Reflective Journal Essay Example for Free

Ethics Game Reflective Journal Essay Nursing has evolved throughout the years. Gone are the days that the existence of nursing geared towards following the orders of senior members on the profession and initiation of routine procedures. In today’s nursing, nurses are valued and needed for their reasoning as well as intellectual skills. The changes in nursing require the desire to be more responsible and contributory to the wellbeing of those that needed care. These changes led to more complex ethical dilemmas that nurses’ encounter. This paper aims to provide a reflection on the Ethical Dilemmas presented on the Ethics Game Simulation, the decision-making steps taken to address the ethical issues, how the ethical concepts influenced the decisions made, and the application of the ethical concepts to a medical-surgical unit. The Case of the Troubled Teen This case illustrates Rachel Banks a 16 year-old teenager who got pregnant out of wedlock and currently on her tenth hour of labor on the OB/GYN unit at Seva Medical Center. She’s accompanied by her parents. Rachel’s parents are instructing the staff nurses to withhold the pain medication as punishment for getting pregnant before getting married. Since Rachel Banks is a minor, legally, the parents can decide for her. The nurses are concerned due to the possible detrimental health effects that the situation can cause to Rachel and her unborn baby, Lily. The nurses also became aware that the parents may not be fully educated on the consequences of their decision. In order to make an ethical decision on this case, I used the Baird Decision Model which provided five frameworks: Step 1: Be attentive, Step 2: Be Intelligent, Step 3: Be Reasonable, Step 4: Be Responsible, and Step 5: Be Reflective (University of Phoenix, 2013). The main issue in this case is how to ensure that Rachel and the baby get appropriate and timely medical care. I reviewed the e-mails and communications gathered in order to get a picture of the situation and see that the best possible solution arise. Upon understanding the main issue of this case, I’ve identified that the primary stakeholders includes; Rachel Banks, her parents, her unborn child, the staff nurse, and the primary nurse because they will be impacted on the decisions made in this situation. After identifying the main issue and the primary stakeholders, using the rights/responsibilities lens I was able to identify that my obligations and duties includes providing the best possible care to Rachel Banks and her unborn child, not to accommodate parents who are harming their child, and also support my staff’s professional improvement. On the results lens, I was able to recognize what would create the greatest good for the greatest number of stakeholders which was to involve the nurses and the parents in assessing need for medication intervention and also provide information for aftercare support and education. I believe that the decision made on this scenario benefits both the patient and her family. By involving the parents in the assessment of Rachel’s medical needs, conflict is alleviated and thus, creates a positive outcome. The Case of the Policies and Politics This case is about Alain Trottier, a patient brought in the emergency room by his domestic partner, Yves. Alain was admitted to the ICU unit and has been unconscious. The day- shift supervisor, Carlotta Baldwin is preventing Yves from seeing the patient and refuses provide information regarding the patient because he is not an actual family member. However, according to the hospital policy, domestic partners are to be treated as married couples for the purposes of access and, most importantly, when it must be determined who can make medical decisions for a patient unable to give their own consent. My duty as the nurse taking care of Alain is to identify the critical issue in this situation which is the equal treatment and access of gay partners at Seva Medical Center as equal to those of straight couples. Upon identifying this as the main issue, it is easier to analyze the problem. Again, the following stakeholders were identified: Alain Trottier (patient), Yves (domestic partner), C arlotta Baldwin, RN (shift supervisor), Amelia Flinch (Director of Nursing), the shareholders of the hospital, and lastly, I the staff nurse taking care of Alain. This scenario has led to the identification of relationship lens. The relationship lens focuses on the community. The main concern of this lens is to provide basic liberties to all people (University of Phoenix, 2013). The three rights represented in this case were: right to participate in decision-making for an unconscious family member, right to have hospital policy regarding participation by family members implemented, and right to be informed that your interpretation of hospital policy is inaccurate. I believe that these rights are the major component of this lens because it focuses on the patient, family, and healthcare providers. Upon understanding the basic rights related to this situation, the following actions such as educating all employees with hospital policies, establishing a taskforce to make sure that the policies are put into practice and conducting yearly audits to make sure that the policies are implemented. These actions will ensure that the patient will benefit greatly on the policies placed on the facility. Lastly, the reputation lens discusses the virtues important for leadership; core competencies such as managing diversity, problem-solving, self-knowledge, decision quality and fairness. These values are important because of the overall positive effect that it can bring to the patient and the facility. My final decision in this case is to note on Alains chart that Yves is to be given access and treated as family. Speak to Carlotta about my decision and let my supervisor know. I believe that this decision has no risk. This decision has demonstrated that I am fully knowledgeable on the hospital policies and also implementing what I know for the benefit of my patient. By assuring equal access will likely improve the hospital’s status in the community. Lastly, by informing Carlotta Baldwin and the supervisor know of the decision can be a message that further education is needed for all employees to be more aware and knowledgeable of the hospital policies. Ethical Dilemma at a Medical-Surgical Unit I’ve been working as a RN at a medical-surgical unit for almost a year now. I still consider myself as a novice nurse and I feel that I haven’t been exposed to a lot of ethical dilemmas. However, I believe that pain management or providing pain relief can be an ethical dilemma for any nurse. The ethical issue is this: can we as nurses undertreat a patient’s pain because we are concerned about the repercussions or because we know that the patient is addicted to the medication. I believe when challenging situations like this arise, I need to be conscious of my own biases and make evidence-based decisions that can provide optimal treatment to the patient. By not being judgmental, I can fully assess what would benefit my patient greatly and include him/her on the treatment plan- giving autonomy. By including the patient I can also decrease the harm because I will have a better understanding of what will work best for my patient, and lastly, by hindering my biases I will be able to treat my patient’s pain in a non-discriminating way possible. As nurses continues to encounter complex ethical dilemmas as the profession and society gears forward, we must still go back on the foundation of nursing in accordance to the mission of Florence Nightingale; nurses are missioners of health dedicated to the advancement of human welfare. References: University of Phoenix. (2013). Ethics Game Simulation [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HCS478 website.

Arpanet :: essays research papers

The Network Working Group's development of open technical documentation - the RFC - was a necessary step to technical advancement. Steve Crocker explains the importance of openness in a developmental situation: "The environment we were operating in was one of open research. The only payoff available was to have good work recognized and used. Software was generally considered free. Openness wasn't an option; it just was." (Crocker, 1993c) The NWG's work was important (THE?) to the development of the ARPANET. Their work paved the way for the development of TCP/IP, when more capacity was needed and other problems arose. I would call the RFC one of the Heralding Achievements of the NWG. It represents the forward looking view which these people had and it proved to succeed. The principles which embody RFC 3 foreshadowed the success of TCP/IP from NCP's influence. Both TCP/IP and NCP were developed in the field. A version of the protocols would be released for experimentation and use. Also all specifications were available free and easily available for people to examine and make comments about. Only through this early release were the problems and kinks found and worked out in a timely manner. This bottom-up approach is substantially different than the top-down approach which other protocol suites have been developed under. The top-down idea comes from figuring everything out as a standard on paper, or behind closed doors and then releasing it to be used. The bottom-up (and free accessibility of protocol documentation and specifications) model allows for a wide-range of people and experiences to join i n and perfect the protocol and make it the best possible. (Check email in TCPIP.MAIL file to provide quotes.) In summing up the achievements of the process that developed the ARPANET, the ARPANET Completion Report draft explains: "The ARPANET development was an extremely intense activity in which contributions were made by many of the best computer scientists in the United States. Thus, almost all of the "major technical problems" already mentioned received continuing attention and the detailed approach to those problems changed" [II-24] The computer scientists and others involved were encouraged in their work by the ARPA philosophy of gathering the best computer scientists working in the field and supporting them: "IPT usually does little day-to-day management of its contractors.

Metaphysical Language: Does it have any Meaning?

When we speak of something as metaphysical, we speak of something that is usually characterized as supernatural or something that is not perceptible by our senses.   When we talk about the things that our minds’ eyes see and not the things that our physical eyes see, we are talking in the language that is metaphysical. This is one of the things that the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein looks into in his book Tractatus Logico Philosophicus.   Wittgenstein argues that metaphysical language does not have any meaning.   They are as good as words that do not signify anything.   He even contends that the metaphysical statements should not be said: The right method in philosophy would be this. To say nothing except what can be said, i.e. ,the propositions of natural science, i.e. something that has nothing to do with philosophy: and then always, when someone else wished to say something metaphysical, to demonstrate to him that he had given a meaning to certain signs in his propositions. This method would not be satisfying to the other –he would not have the feeling that we were teaching him philosophy—but it would be the only strictly correct method. †¦ Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent. (Wittgenstein, 6.53-7) This does not mean that metaphysical propositions are all automatically false.   What Wittgenstein means is that it is beyond the realm of logic for us to understand metaphysical language.   This is not because they are profound or beyond our reality or beyond our senses but because, for Wittgenstein, they have no sense. To illuminate, let us take for example this scenario.   I saw a huge Blue Heron flying in front of me and the next day, my neighbor won the lottery.   Another day, I saw a Blue Heron again and two days after that, an accident happened in front of my house.   Now, I see a Blue Heron the third time and I conclude that the Blue Heron is a sign of something will happen.   Nobody knows what will happen but I am sure that the sign means that something will happen because I see it in my mind’s eyes, my soul.   My metaphysical statement is that the Blue Heron is a sign that things will happen.   It is like saying that when we see a black cat, bad things will happen to us. For Wittgenstein, it does not have any sense to say that a situation is a result of my perception of a Blue Heron or a bad luck is the result of my seeing a black cat.   He says that sentences like these work like a picture.   Since it is very difficult to explain, let me explain it through an example.   A map of the United States, for example, is a picture that points to the land of the United States.   The map shows that New York is more or less in the Eastern side of the map and Washington is in the Western side of the map. If we are in the Central part of the United States and we want to go to Seattle, we will fly eastward.   We will not fly westward because the map which pictures for us the location of Seattle tells us that Seattle lies east of the United States.   Ã‚  This is what Wittgenstein means when he says that â€Å"there must be something identical in a picture and what it depicts† (Wittgenstein 2.161).   The map mimics the way reality is structured.   It mimics the way the real locations in the US are placed beside each other. Language works like a picture.   It tells us what the situation is.   Wittgenstein says, â€Å"We picture facts to ourselves† (2.1).   For him, the meaning of a statement is whatever it pictures.   The meaning of the statement tells the situation of the world but like the picture, it can not tell us if it is actually true of false.   When we make a statement for example and we feel that it is meaningful, what the sentence is doing is that it is just pointing to a possible situation in the reality but it may be true or false. When we say, for example that a Blue Heron causes things to happen like it is the cause of our neighbor’s winning in the lottery or accident, the statement’s meaning pictures to us situations that can be true but we cannot be really sure because there is nothing in the sentence that makes it true.   Wittgenstein says, â€Å"In order to tell whether a picture is true or false we must compare it with reality† (Wittgenstein, 2.223). If we apply this with the statement, â€Å"The Blue Heron causes things to happen, things like winning a lottery or being the cause of people’s car accident†.   A Blue Heron is a big bird that lazes around the shallow part of water.   By definition, it has wings.   It can fly.   It has a beak, it can catch fish.   It can walk for a few steps.   It can swim.   These are the capabilities of a Blue Heron.   In reality, nothing in its definition or physical make-up can tell us that it can make a man win a lottery or be in a car accident. So the statement that â€Å"The Blue Heron causes things to happen, things like winning a lottery or being the cause of people’s car accident† does not have any sense.   As Wittgenstein says, â€Å"There is no compulsion making on thing happen because another has happened.   The only necessity that exists is logical necessity† (Wittegenstein 6.37).   We can understand the statement but it is nonsensical if we analyze it following Wittgenstein. In the same way, Wittgenstein would say that it does not have any sense to talk about a ‘soul’ or ‘a good life’.   We do not know what a soul is.   Nobody has seen a soul.   Nobody has reported that he or she sees a soul getting out of the body of a person who has just died.   We cannot find a correspondence for the world ‘soul’ in reality.   We have a sign for soul but we do not have a referent for the sign. When somebody dies and we say that he/she has lived a ‘good life’, it is also nonsensical.   What is a good life to one is not automatically the good life to another.   There is no single referent for what the sign ‘good life’.   It is also nonsensical when people at the funeral say about the dead person that lives were changed because of him.   Again, value statements like these are subjective and are not verifiable.   How can this statement be analyzed if there nothing that can be the referent for the sign.   The referent has died.   For Wittgenstein says, â€Å"The world of the happy man is a different one from that of the unhappy man. . .   Soo too at death the world does not alter, but comes to an end† (Wittgenstein 6.43-6.431).      

Designing a Rewards System Essay

When designing a rewards system within an organization there are several factors. First, look at the organization and focus on what matters most for that particular organization. Then focus in on the employees and what needs they have in particular. After breaking down the focus, you can move forward into creating a rewards system that not only fits but also everyone benefits from. † Reward management is concerned with the strategies, policies and processes required to ensure that the value of people and the contribution they make to achieving organizational, departmental and team goals is recognized and rewarded. It is about the design, implementation and maintenance of reward systems (interrelated reward processes, practices and procedures) that aim to satisfy the needs of both the organization and its stakeholders and to operate fairly, equitably and consistently. † (Armstrong, 2010) Look at the organization. What does the organization promote or goals it is working toward? Next, make sure the needs of the organization are being met. â€Å"Currently, many organisations are implementing or planning to implement, reward and/or recognition programmes believing that these will help bring about the desired cultural change. In some organisations, large amounts of money are being invested in these types of activities and some managers are required specifically to set aside a certain amount from their budgets for this purpose. † (Milne, 2007) If they are not met focus on creating a rewards system to include meeting the goals that at the moment are not being satisfied. Now to look at the employees and what they need. What will motivate them to perform better work? What is the age range within the organization so we can focus on what will better serve that population? After looking into the age check their work progress and see where there needs to be more and focus on setting up goals to get that area where it needs to be. â€Å"Recognizing employees for a job well done isn’t superfluous or magnanimous. It’s necessary. † (Zemke, 1988) â€Å"There was a study done with four groups that answered a questionnaire with twenty-five factors as to what would motivate them to work hard on their job. From the four groups only nine of the twenty-five factors were selected. The nine factors that were selected by these four groups are: 1. Respect for me as a person . Good Pay 3. Chance to turn out quality work 4. Chance for promotion 5. Opportunity to do interesting work 6. Feeling my job is important 7. Being told by my boss when I do a good job 8. Opportunity for self-development and improvement 9. Large amount of freedom on the job† (Kettner, 2002) All nine of these focus on how to build up the confidence of the employee and all owing them to know how well they are doing. Treating the employee like a person and not a machine is very important because it gives the employee a feeling of self and knowing it’s ok to be who you are as a person. This makes them comfortable to be there on the job. Providing good [ay is also very important because it shows the employee that you care and are rewarding them for their hard work while on the job. It also will make the employee want to stay with the organization because they do not need to go elsewhere. Giving the employee a chance to do the best quality work for the organization will give them a sense of pride in their job. If the employee knows that, there is a chance for them to be promoted through the organization they will work hard to be considered for promotion. Being able to do interesting work will keep the employee coming back because they are able to do different things which makes the job more interesting because they are not consistently performing the exact same job daily which will also make them feel that their job is important. Everyone loves being told good job! So as a boss, make sure you are informing your employees how well they are doing. Offer to the employee ways they can grow as people whether it is education or exercise. Giving them the opportunity for more development or just some improvement, they will be appreciative. Giving the employees freedom makes them more independent and lets them know that the organization trusts them to perform their job the way it is supposed to be done without someone standing over them constantly. After gathering this information, we can move forward with creating our own rewards system. First, we would create a chart showing the work and the progress being made. Then with that chart, incentives can be created for the employees to get to top of the list by making the most progress. In addition, incentives will be created for those that make the lowest amount of mistakes while performing their job function. This gives the employees some freedom to work hard on getting their performance up. Incentives will be in place for attendance also. Competitive pay will be based off performance and attendance. The better your performance is the better bonus and pay raise you will get. Your attendance will also affect your bonuses and pay raises. Keep your attendance up and consistent and you will be able to gain better pay bonuses. With bettering attendance and performance there will be opportunities for growth within the organization. The starting pay will be marginally based on experience and education. It will be fair and equitable to every employee. After setting up the chart with performance and attendance based incentives we can focus on creating a fair and free workplace for the employees. Set up the management center so they are accessible to the employees for guidance. The management system will also be in place for overviewing the employees from a distance without taking away from the employees ability to work as an individual. The management system will also be able to delegate tasks out to the employees that are performing at a faster or more effective rate. This will also allow the employees to be treated as individuals and not as a singular group. Next we would set up a system for growth and development that would include furthering your education and health needs. We work to offer help and assistance to other now we need to help and assist our employees. For education we will offer education breaks where you will be reimbursed for half of the amount spent on your college courses and supplies. This will allow the employee to re-enter school without fear of inability to pay. The stipulation will be that we will only reimburse as long as the course taken he employee completes and passes the course. The employee will be required to submit the final grade for the class and the receipt for the payment of the course and the supplies needed for the course. Next there will be a gym facility placed within the workplace that is available for the employees use before and after work and also during lunch or breaks. With offering the employee open use of a gym without having to pay will give them the help of not spending a lot of money on a gym membership that they may not be able to use regularly. It will also give them flexibility to use the gym whenever they want to without fear of it closing before they can get there to workout. With this rewards system in place every aspect of the employee and organizational needs are being met. The organization is running efficiently and effectively with each employee working hard to reach the incentive goals. The employees are working in an environment where they are comfortable and know they have every option available to them with movement and growth within the organization.

Superb Biology Studying Hints for Students

Superb Biology Studying Hints for Students Biology Study Hints You can be successful in biology. These recommendations from students who were able to achieve success in their biology courses will help you to get an A grade.Students who succeeded in biology have told us they study at least 2 hours daily during the semester. Be persistent when studying biology. It is a hard work and requires your time and energy. Remember it. To know and understand terminology is one of the keys to success. Study Latin and Greek roots and it will definitely help you to comprehend the terminology and difficult terms. Try to make flash cards for better memorizing. Notice whatever is brought into the lab. Biology teachers have stated that if something is brought into the lab, it is a big chance that you will be tested on it. It is not required to know chemistry for taking biology at College, but it still will be a good background before learning it. Get used to reading over the material before going to your class. Do not skip lessons and listen carefully. It is also important to write down at least 66% of what is said during a lecture to be a successful student. Failing students, for example, write twice as much. Most of all, visit every class. Do not create troubles for yourself by playing truant. Reread the material right after class and then eight hours later. You are more likely to remember the information later. Accomplish what is unfinished. Explain important terms in your own words. Do not hesitate to ask questions any time. Find your instructors during their office hours for help. Seek for help in case you do not understand the material. Use different books from the library to learning and review all your textbook explanations. One of them will definitely be helpful to you.Work in pairs. Read aloud what you are learning and explain terminology to each other. Explain in your own words same and different elements between terms you are learning. Do this in pairs. If biology is your biggest pain always study it at the beginning. Make sure to take breaks every 20-40 minutes to stay fresh. Write down information and frequently review your notes. Use helpful and powerful visualization techniques for remembering terms. For example, break words into small chunks and picture each chunk until you recall them and then put them together. You can use mnemonic techniques to learn faster. For instance, if you need to remember cranial nerves, you can create a sentence with all words starting with the first letter of each nerve. Create tests and test yourself. Put a limit in time while doing tests similar to those you expect in class. Practice with sand clock or an alarm. Practice your difficulties. Ask somebody to quiz you on a regular basis; it transfers more knowledge to long-term memory.

How to Get an ISBN Everything You Need to Know About ISBN Numbers

How to Get an ISBN Everything You Need to Know About ISBN Numbers How to Get an ISBN: Everything You Need to Know About ISBN Numbers Knowing how to get an ISBN as a selfAs of 2007, the ISBN is a 13-digit number. This came about in part because of the large volume of eBooks now being published every year.Knowing how to break down and interpret these 13 digits aren’t of much use and interest to most book readers, but for publishers and distributors, it’s a necessity.If you want to publish lots of books under your own publishing name then it’s something you may want to pay attention to. You can tell a lot about a book and its author by reading the ISBN number.The 13 digit ISBN number helps:Identify the specific titleIdentify the authorIdentify the type of book they are buyingIdentify the physical properties of that particular bookIdentify the geographical location of the publisherLet’s break it down and look at what all these numbers mean.Here is the ISBN for a particular book:978-3-16-148410-0You’ll notice this sequence is divided into 5 number combinations. But the first three dig its â€Å"978† indicates that this string of numbers is for an ISBN. If we remove these digits we have:3-16-148410-0First is the initial digit, in this case: 3The 3 is the language group identifier which here indicates German. For English speaking countries a 0 or 1 is used. Numbers for language identification generally range from 1-5.Here is a list of the most common Group identifiers:0 or 1 for English2 for French3 for German4 for Japan5 for Russian7 for Peoples Republic of ChinaIt’s worth mentioning that the rarer the language, the longer the number identifier will be. For example, Indonesia is 602 whereas Turkey is 9944. You can reference the complete list at the International ISBN Agency.Next is â€Å"16†. This is the â€Å"publisher code,† and it identifies the publisher on any book that has this number. This number can be as long as 9 digits.â€Å"148410† - This six-digit series represents the title of the book. The publisher assigns this t o a specific book or edition of the book, such as a hardcover version or paperback. This could be a single digit or stretch to multiple digits.â€Å"0† is the last digit and is known as the â€Å"check digit†. This number is mathematically calculated as a fixed digit. This is always a single digit.This number indicates that the rest of the ISBN numbers have been scanned and is calculated based on the other digits in the code.Where is the ISBN number on books?The ISBN is usually found above the barcode on the back of the book.However, theyre not the same.The barcode is much different than the ISBN number.This is an important distinction because:When you purchase an ISBN you don’t automatically get a barcodeThe barcode of your book can change, while your ISBN can remain the same.We’ve already discussed what data the ISBN carries, however,the barcode includes extra information such as the book’s fixed price and the currency it’s being sold in.B arcodes are a necessary element of your book as they allow for most retailers and distributors to scan your ISBN for retail and inventory reasons.The standard barcode is known as the EAN (European Article Number) barcode, and your barcode must be in this format to sell your book in bookstores.(Breakdown of the typical EAN barcode on the back of a book by Publisher Services)Do ISBNs expire?No, ISBN numbers never expire or go bad. In fact, if you have one from a long time ago, you can simply reconstruct it for use.But what if my old ISBN is really old and only has 10 digits?Thats not a problem, either. With this handy tool from Bowker, you can convert the ISBN easily and immediately.The Book Designer also has a great resource for learning how to reconstruct an ISBN if you finally decided to write and self-publish the book youve been thinking about since you bought the ISBN.ISBN Search: How to Find Your Books ISBNIf you want to look up the ISBN of any book out there, you can do so easi ly by visiting the website ISBNSearch.org.Youll be greeted with a screen like the one above where you will be prompted to type in the ISBN, author name, or book title.After hitting search, you will have a list of books matching your searched items with the both the 13-digit ISBN and the 10-digit, like in the example below.How to Read a BarcodeIf you look at the picture of a standard barcode, you’ll notice two barcodes side by side. The barcode that appears on the left is the EAN generated from the ISBN number.The other number appearing on the right is a 5-digit add-on, called an EAN-5, that contains the price of the book. The first digit is a 5 and is a must for scanners to read. The 4-digits after the five indicates the price of the book.For example, if the number reads 52995, this means the price of the book is set at $29.95. If the price of the book changes, a new barcode must be used, though the ISBN wouldn’t change.This would only be replaced by a new ISBN number if the book is published as a new edition or as a new version.To buy a barcode you must first purchase an ISBN. You can buy your barcodes at Bowker and they even offer a barcode-ISBN combo:1 barcode + 1 ISBN is $150.1 barcode + 10 ISBNs is $320.The Difference Between ASIN and ISBNIf you’ve used Amazon’s Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) program you’ve probably come across an ASIN. ASIN numbers are used by Amazon to manage and identify the products they are selling on their site. It’s a 10-character alphanumeric unique identifier that’s assigned by Amazon.com and its partners.You can find this on your book page. In your browser, the Amazon ASIN will be after the product’s name and â€Å"dp†. The next place to find this is in your book or product details area of your book page.However, an ASIN is not the same as an ISBN. You can only use it with Amazon. If you want to sell through other platforms or in brick and mortar stores, you’r e going to need an ISBN.Reasons Self-Published Authors Need an ISBNIf you want to publish and sell your eBook on Amazon, then the quick answer is no, it isn’t necessary. Amazon will assign your eBook an ASIN number which will be used to identify and track your title.However, that’s only with Amazon, and only with eBooks.If you want your readers to get a hold of a print version of your book, then you’re going to need an ISBN.This might be important if you have a brick and mortar marketing strategy, or if you want your book to be accessible through libraries (more on this later), or if you’re looking to deal with wholesalers or other online retailers.Here’s a simple rule of thumb: if you want to sell your book by means other than as an ebook on Amazon, then you’ll need an ISBN.How do I buy an ISBN Number?You might not even have to buy your ISBN number because of services offered toself-published authors. You can get assigned a free ISBN by Cre atespace, the On-Demand publishing company that has now merged with Amazon.You can also get an ISBN when dealing with a whole host of On-Demand or self-publishing companies, like Draft2Digital, Smashwords or IngramSpark, and even Lulu.If you can get a free or cheap ISBN with them, then what’s the use in paying for your own one?Here’s the problem: most of the time, you can only use those free ISBNs with the channels those companies distribute through.Let’s say you get a free ISBN with Draft2Digital, but then you notice that there are some retail channels you can access through Smashwords that you can’t with Draft2Digital.You can’t use the Draft2Digital ISBN with Smashwords.Smashwords will only let you use your own ISBN or an ISBN they assign to you. So what do you do?You get a free ISBN with Smashwords.And now you have two ISBNs for the same book. Same book title, same book format, but two ISBNs.You then hear of some exclusive channels you can get t hrough eBookPartnership. The only wrinkle? You need an ISBN and they won’t take your Smashwords’ or Draft2Digital’s ISBN. So you sign up for their free ISBN instead.Now you have three ISBNs for the same book.The Problem with Multiple ISBNsThis problem can repeat itself again and again as you discover more ways to distribute your book. Sometimes you’ll have to pay for the ISBN, sometimes you won’t. But it leads to you having several ISBNs, all from different publishers, for the same book.Can you picture how unprofessional that looks to a bookstore?Wouldn’t it have been easier to start off by buying your own ISBN? Wouldn’t that make you look more professional?On top of this, each of those free ISBNs identifies the self-publishing company as a publisher. It’s the equivalent of using your business email address as [emailprotected] or [emailprotected] instead of [emailprotected] (assuming you’re named Matt).Not only does this make you look unprofessional, but there are some stores that will refuse to stock your book on this basis. If you have a CreateSpace ISBN, there are a number of bookstores that will refuse to carry your book. All of these issues can be sidestepped by simply purchasing your own ISBN through Bowker.Libraries and ISBN NumbersWe briefly mentioned that if you want to stock your book in libraries, you’ll need an ISBN. However, that might be the furthest thing from your mind. You might have decided to focus purely on eBook publishing and what part do libraries play in eBooks?A big one. Libraries are becoming more important to the distribution of eBooks. Overdrive  is the largest supplier to schools and libraries in the world (serving more than 30,000), and they circulated more than 105 million eBooks in 2014, a 33% increase from their previous year. They also supply to retail stores globally, making $100 million in sales in 2013.And guess what you need to be able to partner with Overdrive? Yup. An ISBN.Howto get an ISBNISBNs are free in many countries, provided either by the government or a publicly administered branch. However, in the US and the UK, ISBN numbers are administered by Bowker and Nielsen respectively and require you to pay.If you’re located outside the USA you can find out your local ISBN Agency here. While ISBNs are assigned locally, you can use them internationally.If you live in the USA, you have to get an ISBN through myidentifiers.com, run by Bowker, the only company that is authorized to administer the ISBN program in the United States. You can purchase ISBNs as a single unit or in bulk of 10, 100 or 1000.How to Register Your Book and ISBN NumberAs soon as you purchase your ISBN through Bowker or the International equivalent in your local area, and you publish your book, you should register here at Bowkerlink.This is an automated tool that will add your book to Bowker’s Books In Print and Global Books In Print.I recommend y ou download the free PDF â€Å"ISBN Guides: Title Set Up Registration† with step-by-step instructions on setting up your title.How Many ISBN Numbers To GetSo how many ISBNs should you get?First off let’s clarify a few common mistakes:You can only use an ISBN once. The ISBN is a unique number for that particular book, and can be assigned once, and only once, to that title. It can’t be used with any other book in the future, even second versions of the same book.You don’t need an ISBN to sell in each individual country. ISBNs are international, they are just assigned locally. A US-based publisher can purchase their ISBN through Bowker, but can stock their book worldwide using that ISBN.You need an ISBN for every specific format of the book and any new versions. Want to sell your book in print, as an eBook, and also as an audiobook? That’s great, however, you need a different ISBN for each one. If you want to publish a revised and updated version you ’ll also need a new ISBN. (This doesn’t cover fixing some typos and errors).If you create a series of books you can’t use the same ISBN for them. You can use the same ISSN, however. Many fiction and nonfiction authors have an ISSN number assigned to their book series. ISSN stands for International Standard Series Numberand can be purchased from the Library of Congress. However, each book in the series will need its own ISBN.We mentioned that in the USA you can buy ISBNs as a single unit, a bulk of 10, 100 or 1000. Here are the prices:Number of ISBNsCost1$12510$295100$575First off, it rarely makes sense to purchase a single ISBN. A single ISBN would cost you $125, but a bulk of 10 only costs $295. Meaning if you purchased 10, each ISBN would cost you $29.50, a 76% discount.Buying a single ISBN might seem feasible if you only want to publish one title, but remember that you need an ISBN for each format. So if you want to publish your book as an audiobook, you†™d need a brand new ISBN for that. As well as needing different ISBN numbers for your eBook and print versions.Not to mention that you’ll need an ISBN number for any future books you publish, perhaps as sequels to your book.We recommend that if youre serious about making book sales, you should purchase at least a bulk of 10 ISBNs. That gives you 3 ISBN numbers to use for publishing as an eBook, in print, and as an audiobook. You can keep the remainder for any future books you might publish.How to Get an ISBN final stepsNow that you have a very good idea how to buy and use ISBNs for your own books, all the best on setting this up. If you want to be recognized as a publisher and have your books available to a larger global audience by registering through Bowker, consider investing in your own ISBN numbers.Think of it as buying a piece of property: You own it and it is registered in your name.For more information, you can find out anything you want to know by visiting the offi cial Bowker page or at myidentifiers.comHere’s a simple actionable checklist for ISBNs.To buy an ISBN for your next book, here is what you should do:Go to the website https://www.myidentifiers.comUnder the ISBN drop down tab, click on ISBNs- Buy Here. You can select 1, 10 or 100. For a bulk purchase, go to â€Å"Buying ISBNs in Bulk† and you can contact Bowker directly to discuss your options.Once you have your ISBN assigned, you can then use it everywhere that requires your ISBN number.At Createspace, under the â€Å"Setup† channel, you can choose to have Createspace assign you an ISBN. When you buy your own ISBN at Bowker, just put in the 13-digit number and Createspace will use this in your paperback.If you publish your paperback through KDP (Kindle Direct Publishing), you can fill in your number in the â€Å"Paperback Content† section of your book when you log into your bookshelf. If you choose to have Createspace assign you an ISBN, KDP will ask for your 13-digit number if you are transferring your physical version over to KDP.Register your ISBN here at Bowker as soon as your book is ready for sale. Download the free ISBN Guides: Title Set Up Registration step-by-step guide.ISBN Links ResourcesThese links appeared throughout the post but here they are for easy access.International ISBN Agency https://www.isbn-international.orgISBN.org by Bowker https://www.isbn.org/faqs_general_questionsBowkerlink Publisher Access System https://commerce.bowker.com/corrections/common/home.aspBowker Identifier Services https://www.myidentifiers.comU.S. Copyright Office https://www.copyright.govISBN Set Up GuideISBN Guides: Basic Information

John Augustus Roebling, Builder of the Brooklyn Bridge

John Augustus Roebling, Builder of the Brooklyn Bridge John Roebling (born June 12, 1806, Mà ¼hlhausen, Saxony, Germany) didnt invent the suspension bridge, yet he is well-known for building the Brooklyn Bridge. Roebling didnt invent spun wire roping, either, yet he became wealthy by patenting processes and manufacturing cables for bridges and aqueducts. He was called a man of iron, says historian David McCullough. Roebling died July 22, 1869, at age 63, from a tetanus infection after crushing his foot on the construction site of the Brooklyn Bridge. From Germany to Pennsylvania 1824 - 1826, Polytechnic Institute, Berlin, Germany, studying architecture, engineering, bridge construction, hydraulics, and philosopy. After graduating, Roebling built roads for the Prussian government. During this period, he reportedly experienced his first suspension bridge, Die Kettenbrà ¼cke (chain bridge) over the Regnitz in Bamberg, Bavaria.1831, sailed to Philadelphia, PA with his brother Karl. They planned to migrate to western Pennsylvania and develop a farming community, although they knew nothing about farming. The brothers bought land in Butler County and developed a town eventually called Saxonburg.May 1936, married Johanna Herting, the town tailors daughter1837, Roebling became a citizen and a father. After his brother died of heatstroke while farming, Roebling began working for the State of Pennsylvania as a surveyor and engineer, where he built dams, locks, and surveyed railroad routes. Building Projects 1842, Roebling proposed that the Allegheny Portage Railroad replace their continually breaking hemp coil ropes with steel coil ropes, a method he had read about in a German magazine. Wilhelm Albert had been using wire rope for German mining companies since 1834. Roebling modified the process and received a patent.1844, Roebling won a commission to engineer a suspension aqueduct to carry canal water over the Allegheny River near Pittsburgh. The aqueduct bridge was successful from its opening in 1845 until 1861 when replaced by the railroad.1846, Smithfield Street Bridge, Pittsburgh (replaced in 1883)1847 - 1848, the Delaware Aqueduct, the oldest surviving suspension bridge in the U.S. Between 1847 and 1851 Roebling built four DH Canal aqueducts.1855, Bridge at Niagara Falls (removed 1897)1860, Sixth Street Bridge, Pittsburgh (removed 1893)1867, Cincinnati Bridge1867, Plans the Brooklyn Bridge (Roebling died during its construction)1883, Brooklyn Bridge completed under the direction of his oldest son, Washington Roebling, and his sons wife, Emily Elements of a Suspension Bridge (e.g., Delaware Aqueduct) Cables are attached to stone piersCast iron saddles sit on the cablesWrought-iron suspender rods sit on the saddles, with both ends hanging vertically from the saddleSuspenders attach to hanger plates to support part of the aqueduct or bridge deck flooring Cast iron and wrought iron were new, popular materials in the 1800s. Restoration of the Delaware Aqueduct 1980, bought by the National Park Service to be preserved as part of Upper Delaware Scenic Recreational RiverAlmost all of the existing ironwork (cables, saddles, and suspenders) are the same materials installed when the structure was built.The two suspension cables encased in red piping are made of wrought iron strands, spun on site under the direction of John Roebling in 1847.Each 8 1/2-inch diameter suspension cable carries 2,150 wires bunched into seven strands. Laboratory tests in 1983 concluded that the cable was still functional.Wrapping wires holding the cable strands in place were replaced in 1985.In 1986, the white pine wooden superstructure was reconstructed using Roeblings original plans, drawings, notes, and specifications Roeblings Wire Company In 1848, Roebling moved his family to Trenton, New Jersey to start his own business and take advantage of his patents. 1850, established John A. Roeblings Sons Company to manufacture wire rope. Of Roeblings seven adult children, three sons (Washington Augustus, Ferdinand William, and Charles Gustavus) would eventually work for the compnay1935 - 1936, oversaw the cable construction (spinning) for the Golden Gate Bridge1945, provided the flat wire to the inventor of the toy1952, business sold to the Colorado Fuel and Iron (CFI) Company of Pueblo, Colorado1968, the Crane Company purchased the CFI Wire rope cabling has been used in a variety of situations including suspension bridges, elevators, cable cars, ski lifts, pulleys and cranes, and mining and shipping. Roeblings U.S. Patents Patent Number 2,720, dated July 16, 1842, Method of and Machine for Manufacturing Wire RopesWhat I claim as my original invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is: 1. The process of giving to the wires and strands a uniform tension, by attaching them to equal weights which are freely suspended over pulleys during the manufacture, as described above. 2. The attaching of swivels or of pieces of annealed wire to the ends of the single wires or to the several strands, during the manufacture of a rope, for the purpose of preventing the twist of the fibers, as described above. 3. The manner of constructing the wrapping machine....and the respective parts of which are combined and arranged, as above described, and illustrated by the accompanying drawing, so as to adapt it to the particular purpose of winding wire upon wire ropes.Patent Number 4,710, dated August 26, 1846, Anchoring Suspension-Chains for BridgesMy improvement consists in a new mode of anchorage applicable to wire br idges as well as chain bridges...What I claim as my original invention and wish to secure by Letters Patent is The application of a timber foundation, in place of stone, in connection with anchor plates, to support the pressure of the anchor chains or cables against the anchor masonry of a suspension bridge for the purpose of increasing the base of that masonry, to increase the surface exposed to pressure, and to substitute wood as an elastic material in place of stone, for the bedding of the anchor plates, the timber foundation either to occupy an inclined position, where the anchor cables or chains are continued in a straight line below ground, or to be placed horizontally, when the anchor cables are curved, as exhibited in the accompanying drawing, the whole to be in substance and in its main features constructed as fully described above and exhibited in the drawing. Patent Number 4,945, dated January 26, 1847, Apparatus for Passing Suspension-Wires for Bridges Across RiversWhat I claim as my original invention, and wish to secure by Letters Patent, is The application of traveling wheels, suspended and worked, either by a double endless rope, or by a single rope, across a river or valley, for the purpose of traversing the wires for the formation of wire cables, the whole to be in substance and in its main features, constructed and worked, as above described, and illustrated by the drawings. Archives and Collections for Further Research John A. Roebling Collection, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian InstitutionThe Roebling Museum, Roebling, New JerseyThe Delaware and Hudson Canal Slide Show, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Sources The Great Bridge by David McCullough, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972, Chapter 2John Roebling, Upper Delaware, National Park ServiceRoeblings Delaware Aqueduct, National Park ServiceAllegheny Portage Railroad, History and Culture, National Park ServiceRoebling and the Brooklyn Bridge, The Library of CongressModern History of Wire Rope by Donald SayengaUnited States Patent and Trademarks Office, Department of CommerceAdditional inline photo  ©Jackie CravenAll websites accessed June 11, 2012

Java PROGRAMMING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Java PROGRAMMING - Essay Example In a structured programming language, the outright benefit and advantage is that it helps the programming setup to minimize complexities. This logic and line of thought stems from the fact modularity would help a programmer to solve and confront the problems in a reasonable manner and fashion. It is needless to stress and over-emphasize the fact that once the logical structures are streamlined, the flow would be seamless and thus a programmer would have more clarity when dealing with data (Hughes, 2009). Secondly, there are the prospects of increased productivity because the modularity allows a programmer to work on several different projects concurrently. This is to imply and say that the modules may be engaged and re-used many times, thus reliability and dependability would be improved. Subsequently, time and costs would be saved since it is far much easier to replace the singular modules rather than a huge amount of codes (Hughes, 2009). A practical case and instance of an application is the Java Programming which is an object-oriented language. This stems from the fact that it a language used to serve the purposes outlined above in the name of merits and

Explosions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Explosions - Essay Example The Imperial Sugar dust explosion occurred four years after the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB)  had conducted a study into the risks presented by dust explosions after three prior severe accidents in 2004. Unfortunately, all the recommendations the CSB made to the  Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) had only been partially acted on e.g. the outdated methods and construction materials that added to the severity of the Port Wentworth fire could have been detected. On the other hand the BP Texas City Refinery disaster was the result of gross negligence on the part of its management and workers. Rigot (2007) clearly outlines the Baker Panel’s findings on the incident. BP’s US refineries did not comply with its own internal process safety standards, process safety leadership was lacking and the work environment encouraged procedural noncompliance (7-15). Southwest Industrial Gases and CAI Inc. may have not directly been culpable for their explosions b ecause of the difficulty to judge whether the causes were accidental or intentional. However, the Bastian Plating Company’s poisonous gas incident was unacceptable. The night-shift leader avoided all precautions. Secondly, it is unacceptable for a team leader in a chemical plant to unknowingly create hydrogen cyanide. With the level of expertise, technology and knowledge in the US, most industrial explosions are preventable. Rigot (2007) cites the major causes of explosion to be latent organizational weaknesses, lack of effective reporting and learning culture within organizations and focus on injury and illness statistics rather than on process safety by both organizations and OHSA. In conclusion, Davis and Hansen (2009) propose that companies need to perform consequence analyses for their facilities to prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future

High profile CEOs as the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

High profile CEOs as the topic - Essay Example Professional and Personal Background Whitman has had a very diverse career history, serving as an executive at Walt Disney, Procter & Gamble, Hasbro, and DreamWorks. As the President and CEO of eBay, one of her more recent job roles, Whitman was directly involved with growing eBay into the powerhouse auction site it is today, taking the company from its roots of only 30 employees to a major corporation with revenues exceeding $8 billion annually. This experience eventually catapulted the CEO to take on the senior leadership role at Hewlett-Packard, a struggling computer and technology company maintaining its fair share of financial troubles. This is her current role as a corporate executive at HP. Whitman’s personal life has been through its fair share of ups and downs, having received considerable negative publicity in 2010 when she failed to become the governor of California after spending $144 million of her own resources on the campaign. Whitman had caught national attenti on in this campaign having broken records for the most personal expenditures in history in any American election (York, 2010). This was obviously a humiliating moment for Meg Whitman. However, the governance team at Hewlett-Packard was likely not fazed by this failure, as they maintained faith in her competencies by appointing her CEO of the company in January 2011. Whitman’s Management Style and Competency Meg Whitman would be defined as a charismatic and transformational leader. Transformational leaders are those that role model desired behaviors, establish a shared vision and mission, open effective lines of communications in a decentralized structure, and also serving as a coach and mentor to employees and managers (Fairholm, 2009). As the new CEO of Hewlett-Packard, Whitman illustrates these transformational qualities with a recent set of policies involving executives and their role in the company. Whitman demanded that executives abandon their posh offices at HP and, in stead, take their job roles into regular cubicles in order to facilitate better communications with lower-level employees (Thomas White, 2012). Whitman seemed to realize the importance of maintaining more visibility in order to build a culture of cohesion and dedication that is important to turnaround a company that needs more innovation and talent management. Hard Management Practices leading to Whitman’s Effectiveness Furthermore, Whitman’s understanding of the real-world economic environment gives her advantages as a quality leader. At Hewlett-Packard, it was desired by some executives to begin acquiring other companies as a means of turning around the struggling company. However, Whitman used her long-term thinking which is important for managers in terms of planning prowess to recognize that such an activity would only further threaten the cash-strapped company and impose more debt. Instead, Whitman established the systems necessary to invest more heavily in resea rch and development as a means of improving HP’s market position. Offered Whitman, â€Å"Let’s optimize what we have before we go off and do something else† (Worthen, 2012, p.2). This is what makes Whitman such a strong manager and leader: she is able to effectively scan the external market and compare it to the current

Representation of the Yahoos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Representation of the Yahoos - Essay Example mirror many of the human shortages by presenting his audience with two unique sides of life, one dominated by reason and the other dominated by inordinate desire. In this context, it can be argued that Swft’s reasoning in the literary material suggests that humans which he symbolizes with the Yahoos are guided by passion, self fish and seeking their own advantage and satisfaction, preferring gratification and avoiding pain, and the other that to a considerable extent humans are informed by reason and rational decisions. The Yahoos are molded as unruly and having a detestable character placing them closer to the lot of the untamed chimpanzees sort of running amok, satirically a representation of the unruly British natives in the 18th century. The distinctly organized houynhnms probably could be equated to the truly utopian society comprising mainly of the ruling class who are civilized and driven mainly by their conscience and reasoning. However it is somehow questionable that the characters of the houyhnhnms that Gulliver claims to be good could make him hate his fellow humans including the Portuguese captain who helps him in the ship alongside his own family that he merely tolerate his co-existence with despite doing nothing wrong to him, while the houyhnhnms do not tolerate but peacefully co-exist with each other. Moreover, the Yahoos are shown to represent the human race on negative shades which merely represent the shortcomings, for instance Gulliver says that the Yahoos regards more the sexual filth rather than the decency portrayed by the houyhnhnms, mere animals. He says, his honor had observed, â€Å"that a female Yahoos would often stand behind a bank or a bush, to gaze on the young males passing by, and then appear, and hide, using many antic gestures and grimaces, at which time it was observed that she had a most offensive smell; and when any of the males advanced, would slowly retire, looking often back, and with a counterfeit show of fear, run off

Critique of case 41 and 42 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique of 41 and 42 - Case Study Example Pelagius asserted that the glory of the rational mind is based on the ability of man to choose freely whatever is virtuous to him. While referring to the virgin, Pelagius argues that man, like the virgin, must recognize his own strengths. This realization would enable him employ to the full. Man should teach the mind that it is possible to do anything that one certainly wants to do. Pelagius tries to justify the fact that the virgin made a wise decision. Pelagius claims the existence of a certain form of natural sanctity in the minds of men that play key roles regarding Christianity and holiness. He states that this natural sanctity, like the mind’s citadel is able to administer judgments to the sinner and righteous. The mind also condemns wrong actions committed by the person. It also has the ability to distinguish the one side from the other basing on the inner law. In other words, the Pelagius was supporting the fact that human being has inherent law that originates in the mind. Unlike the common laws, these inner laws are most reliable and incorruptible of witness. These kinds of laws are distinct from the common laws in that they are implanted in the hearts of men and women. However, the author acknowledges the fact that although man has the freedom to choose what is true or evil, others find it difficult to do good. He states that people have long habits of doing wrong (Augustine 216). This habit is ingrained in the people’s minds and heart and has infected humankind from childhood. These habits are what hold man in bondage and slavery. Pelagius termed this kind of bondage as acquired because it is not inherent. This means that it is possible for man to avoid sinning only if he accepts and repent. However, in text 42 of the article, we are presented with another version of the human nature and grace. This is where Augustine of Hippo explained his theological point of view of grace. Augustine was responding

Representation of the Yahoos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Representation of the Yahoos - Essay Example mirror many of the human shortages by presenting his audience with two unique sides of life, one dominated by reason and the other dominated by inordinate desire. In this context, it can be argued that Swft’s reasoning in the literary material suggests that humans which he symbolizes with the Yahoos are guided by passion, self fish and seeking their own advantage and satisfaction, preferring gratification and avoiding pain, and the other that to a considerable extent humans are informed by reason and rational decisions. The Yahoos are molded as unruly and having a detestable character placing them closer to the lot of the untamed chimpanzees sort of running amok, satirically a representation of the unruly British natives in the 18th century. The distinctly organized houynhnms probably could be equated to the truly utopian society comprising mainly of the ruling class who are civilized and driven mainly by their conscience and reasoning. However it is somehow questionable that the characters of the houyhnhnms that Gulliver claims to be good could make him hate his fellow humans including the Portuguese captain who helps him in the ship alongside his own family that he merely tolerate his co-existence with despite doing nothing wrong to him, while the houyhnhnms do not tolerate but peacefully co-exist with each other. Moreover, the Yahoos are shown to represent the human race on negative shades which merely represent the shortcomings, for instance Gulliver says that the Yahoos regards more the sexual filth rather than the decency portrayed by the houyhnhnms, mere animals. He says, his honor had observed, â€Å"that a female Yahoos would often stand behind a bank or a bush, to gaze on the young males passing by, and then appear, and hide, using many antic gestures and grimaces, at which time it was observed that she had a most offensive smell; and when any of the males advanced, would slowly retire, looking often back, and with a counterfeit show of fear, run off

Is Randle McMurphy a hero in the book One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Essay

Is Randle McMurphy a hero in the book One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest - Essay Example He does not debate medical decision since he finds being in the hospital better than being in the farm. This creates an opportunity for him to be the hero of the movie. Bromden is the first character to be presented to the viewer, and one expects that he might be a star in the book due to him noticeable height. He has been a patient for over ten years at the Oregon Psychiatric, and he experiences frequent hallucinations and delusions. He however pretends to be deaf and dumb and tries to go un-noticed. At the hospital, the patients are divided into two groups; Chronic and those who can be cured. McMurphy arrives into the hospital and is taken into acute of the non-chronic. Bromden finds McMurphy quite different and it sets the start of their relationship. The patients are under the care of Ratched, and she constantly encourages them to fight one another. McMurphy is not pleased with the situation of the patients at the hospital. His introduction as a gamble and a man of women and cards is eminent, and everyone gets to know him. At this point, the attention of the reader is on Mainly on McMurphy since his character is comical and attractive. McMurphy is not pleased with the actions of the nurse, and he makes a decision to insight the patents against the actions of nurse Ratched. In his first meeting with the other patients, he says, â€Å"Ratched is a ball-cutter.†(Kesey 98) The patients have developed an attitude that nurse Ratched is all powerful, and hence they do not support McMurphy. McMurphy vows to confront Ratchet since he considers her actions as inhuman. Murphy says that â€Å"Except the sun, on these three strangers, is all of a sudden way the hell brighter than usual and I can see the...† (Kesey 108). This statement shows that he is determined to bring change to the place McMurphy finally confronts Nurse Ratched and at first the other patients

The Musical Culture of the Country of Burundi Essay Example for Free

The Musical Culture of the Country of Burundi Essay Every nation has its own culture and traditions which has been practiced by the people for many decades or centuries. Most of the cultural practices of a nation are usually passed down to the next generation. Although they are altered to fit the current generation, some parts of the culture remain intact and do not change; they are the same practices done in the past. The same is true with the cultural practices of Burundi. Amidst the various wars and conflict taking place in the country of Burundi, its culture is still upheld by those living in the rural areas. Their traditions are still largely celebrated and practiced by the people. Through the years, the world has seen Burundi as a place filled with violence and conflict. There are times when the news coming from Burundi only involves violence and improper actions of the rebels against the government and vice versa. In addition, mass killings are known to have affected many regions of the country, therefore lessening the chances for recreational activities, education, and other cultural practices to be upheld. Various refuge camps and displaced people have also been distressed by such conflicts. External Influences to the Burundian Culture Historical accounts of Burundi reveal that the country was colonized by various European nations. King Mwezi IV, the ruling leader during the 19th century, feared that his kingdom will be captured by one of the conflicting tribes in Burundi, the Tutsis. Due the King’s fear, he secured the support of Germany to protect his kingdom, instantly turning Burundi into a German colony. After a few years, the German colonizers passed the responsibility to a new European state: Belgium (Institute for Security Studies [ISS], 2005). Hence, these countries were able to influence and engrave their own norms, traditions, and beliefs on Burundians which were incorporated into the cultural practices of Burundi. Music as a Large Part of the Burundian Culture Burundians are people who enjoy arts and music. Music has been a huge part of their lives which could be observed in various types of traditional gatherings and the songs sung in these gatherings. One of these is family gatherings where â€Å"imvyino† songs are performed. Imviyino songs were known to have short refrain which has a strong beat. Such songs often incorporate spontaneous verses which are sung together with the strong beats of the music. On the other hand, â€Å"imdirimbo† song is a more downcast and serious type of music which is sung by a small group of individuals or a solo singer. â€Å"Kwishongora† is another type of song from the traditional music of Burundi that is sung only by men. It is a rhythmic song which is integrated with trills and shouts. For the females, there is also a certain type of song made for them, and it is called the â€Å"bilito† in which is a sentimental form of music (Stanford, 2007), One of the strongest characteristics of Burundi music is the â€Å"whispered singing. † This is expressed by the performer in a low or soft pitch, for it requires the musical accompaniment to be heard clearly (Stanford, 2007). Burundian Musical Instruments Most of the traditional songs of Burundi are played with specific instruments such as â€Å"inanga,† â€Å"idono,† â€Å"ikihusehama,† and â€Å"ikimbe. † The inanga is an instrument composed of six (6) to eight (8) strings which are stretched out in a wooden concave bowl. The idono is known to be the fiddle which is composed only of a single string. The ikihusehama is a musical instrument which is similar to a clarinet woodwind. Lastly, the ikimbe is the linguaphone version of the Burundians. However, the most important musical instrument used by the Burundians is the drums which is considered as a symbol of status and power (Stanford, 2007). Drums are known to be the most significant instruments in the country of Burundi. In the ancient times, drums were not only seen as a plain instrument but a sacred object which was only used for ceremonial events. The beat is one of the most essential elements of the Burundian drums. Certain drum beats are applied depending on the type of event being held, from funerals to enthronement. The beat of the drums is also the main signal that proclaims the start of the agricultural season as well as the propagation of the Soughum seeds which is an important agricultural amenity for the country (Heavenly Planet, 2008). The drums are not only significant to the events, but they are also deeply connected to nature. This strong relationship of drums and nature is evident in parts of the drum, as their names are related to fertility: â€Å"Icahi: the skin (the skin in which the mother rocks her baby); Amabere: the pegs (the breasts); Urugori: the thong stretching the skin (crown of motherhood); inda: the cylinder (the stomach); umukondo: the foot of the drum (the umbilical cord)† (Heavenly Planet, 2008, n. p. ) Royal Drummers of Burundi The Royal Drummers of Burundi is the most acknowledged performers in Burundi. The group is composed of twenty (20) individuals who perform in the most important Burundian ceremonies. Accordingly, due to the significance of the group, they also perform in various celebrations such as funerals, births, coronations, and christenings within the country. This prestigious drum group is known to also perform in various parts of the world. In addition, the Royal Drummers of Burundi is recognized as one of the most acclaimed percussion groups in the world (Smith, 2009). The group is known to be a multigenerational band; therefore, sons are taught by their fathers the art and the significance of performance and playing drums. Most of the time, different drummers switch places in order for them to have a short rest and create a constant flow of music that only stops during the end of the whole program. In addition to drumming, most of the band members are also dancers. The group performs the dances during the opening of the programs (Smith, 2009). Africatravelling. net (2000) commends the performances of the Royal Drummers of Burundi: â€Å"The Drummers of Burundi had the most captivating presence of all the acts at the festival Every moment, every wail from the players fit into the trance impact of the drummers† (n. p. ). The Royal Drummers of Burundi are known to have specific drums that they use to create a specific sound of the drums. One of the types of drums that they use is the â€Å"Ngoma† drums which are â€Å"hollowed out from the trunk of a particular tree called D’umuvugangoma (Corda Africana)† (Heavenly Planet, 2008, n. p. ). Reflection on the Music of Burundi As I have researched in various internet resources, I found out that the Burundi musical culture is not widely known to the world. There are only few resources available for those who are interested in their traditional music. Most books and articles are about the topics of human rights violations, genocides, and war in Burundi. Thus, this suggests the richness of the Burundian culture is often ignored. With the research that I have done, I realized that a single instrument could be a source of power and status. In addition, such instruments could also be a signifier of various events and elements of nature. Due to the conflicts and hostility in the state of Burundi, the international community does not pay significant attention to the rich cultural aspect of this country. However, with the ensemble of Royal Drummers of Burundi, one can say that the rich culture of this African nation lives despite all atrocities. References Africatravelling. net (2000). Bujumbura-Culture. Retrieved February 11, 2009 from http://www. africatravelling. net/burundi/bujumbura/bujumbura_culture. htm. Heavenly Planet. (2008). â€Å"Music That Inspires. † Retrieved February 11, 2009 from http://www. heavenlyplanet. com/featured/dob. html. Institute for Security Studies. (2005). Political System and History. Retrieved February 11 2009 from http://www. iss. co. za/af/profiles/burundi/politics. html. Smith, S. E. (2009). Who are the Royal Drummers of Burundi?. Wise Geek. Retrieved February 11, 2009 from http://www. wisegeek. com/who-are-the-royal-drummers-of-burundi. htm. Stanford, E. (2007). Culture of Burundi. Countries and Their Cultures. Retrieved February 11, 2009 from http://www. everyculture. com/Bo-Co/Burundi. html.

Maslows Theory Of The Hierarchy Of Needs Tourism Essay

Maslows Theory Of The Hierarchy Of Needs Tourism Essay Introduction As we know that motivation is a process where our need activates a selected behavior thanks to we can try to achieve our goal, It drives us to act in a way to achieve our desire goal and it s the general term for all processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities. Maslow hierarchy of needs theory is one of the most popular motivation theories and its also considered one of the most important theories in psychology. According to Maslow people has a specific needs and they are motivated by their desire to satisfy these needs. In addition to this he arranged these needs in hierarchical order, he put physiological needs at the bottom of hierarchy ,followed by safety needs ,the belongingness and love needs after that esteem needs and at the top of hierarchy self -actualization need. He proposed that the lower -level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become important. Travel motivation reflects ones needs and wants and can b e viewed as a critical variable in relation to their purchase decisions. Maslow hierarchy theory help us to understand the different needs that motivate travelers and in other hand it will be enhancing service providers knowledge about what kinds of experiences travelers seek, especially for certain groups of people. Maslows hierarchy is considered a useful tool for understanding consumer motivations, developing marketing strategy, appropriate advertising appeals and as the basis for market segmentation and product positioning because consumer goods often serve to satisfy each of the need levels The determinants of travel decision-making and the influential factors would also be examined since they are related to the travel motivations. Understanding of travelers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behavior. This paper will try to discuss the Maslow hierarchy theory in tourism and the importance of this theory in tourism field .this paper also involves some studies in tourism which based on Maslow hierarchy theory and how the authors applied this theory in tourism field. Maslow hierarchy of needs theory Hierarchy of needs theory was proposed in the 1943 by Abraham Maslow who was born in April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He received his BA in 1930, his MA in 1931, and his PhD in 1934, all in psychology, all from the University of Wisconsin. Maslow presented hierarchy of needs. On the bottom of the pyramid are all physiological and safety needs such us food, water, air, rest etc. Higher levels represent higher needs, which are more complex. An affiliation on the third level of the pyramid says about belonging to a groups such as family, school or work colleagues groups; a need of love and friendship. On the forth level are self-esteem needs such as respect, achievement, confidence, need of being recognized. Self-actualization needs are on the last level of the Maslows pyramid are creativity, morality, spontaneity, problem solving etc. He also proposed that the lower -level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become important in addition to this Maslow in 1970 also discus two important needs related directly with tourism ;the aesthetic need and the need to know and understand .(maslow,1987) The basic need hierarchy 1-Physiological needs: in this level of hierarchy people must be satisfied their physiological need which involves basic survival needs such as the needs of air, water, food and shelter. People cant become concerned with other higher-order needs before they satisfy these needs 2-Safety needs: this level is the second level of maslow;s hierarchy of needs which concerns peoples need to be secure and safe in their environment. It includes the need for protection psychological and physical harm. 3-Belongingness and love need: these needs include dealing with and acceptance by other people, giving and receiving affection and friendship. Based on Maslows theory people cant reach to this level until satisfied their physiological and safety needs 4-Esteem needs: according to Maslow theses needs may be classified in to two subsidiary sets. First, the desire for achievement, adequacy, strength, competence and freedom.seconde we have what we may call the desire for reputation or prestige, status, recognition importance and dignity. 5-Self actualization needs: people need for self- actualization represents their desire to fulfill their potential, maximizing the use of their skills and abilities .malsow proposed that even if all the previous need are satisfied we may still often expect that anew discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual is doing what he or she, individually is fitted for.(Hitt ,Miller andColella,2006) There is no doubt that , all these needs affect the choice of destination selected by tourists by tourists, an extreme -adventure tourists might forgo all lower needs to satisfy self actualization. The basic idea of Maslows theory is that individuals are waiting beings they always desire more and that they want relays on what they already have. Its necessary to know that Maslows theory relates to individual development and motivation in life and not just to the behavior of people at work. Thats mean the hierarchy of needs can be applied to the satisfaction of the needs and expectations of tourists as well as to members of workers who work in tourist establishment. (Mulins, 1998) Maslow theory in tourism This theory is very important in tourism sector because the determinants of travel decision-making and the influential factors would also be examined since they are related to the travel motivations. Understanding of travelers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behavior. In addition to this, the satisfaction of people (tourists, employees) needs plays a vital role to develop this sector. According to Horner and Swarbrooke, (2001) satisfying the tourists in tourism is very important for three reasons:- It leads to positive word -of -mouth recommendation of the service to friends and families, which in turn brings in new tourists. Creating a repeat customer by satisfying them with their first use of product brings a steady source of income with no need for extra marketing expenditure Dealing with complaints is expensive, time-consuming and bad for the organizations reputation .further more; it can bring direct cost through compensation payment. In tourism we have two customers one who pay and the other who is working in tourists establishments .when we satisfy the workers need in workplace that will be reflected in their works and quality of service which provide to tourists. Maslow as we know that also discuss two important needs related directly with tourism ;the aesthetic need and the need to know and understand. these needs are less known to people because they were not included in the hierarchical needs model .however, from tourism standpoint , these needs carry more weight than others beyond the hierarchical needs model .people travel to learn about something new and to be exposed to objects of beauty. Unfortunately, a few tourism studies have applied Maslows model in relation to these two sets of human needs. (Hsu and Huang, 2008) Examples of tourists studies TOURISM MARKETING FOR CITIES AND TOWNS Using Branding and events to attract tourists By Bonita M. Kolb The author in his book used this theory when he discuss the factors which affect on a person behavior to chose tourist destination, we can observe that the Hierarchy of needs theory has direct application for marketing because many of these needs are satisfied through the purchase of services and products . Of course, person must continue to satisfy his basic need for food, clothing shelter and security even while they are satisfying his belonging and self-esteem needs. A well-designed tourism package will give Chance to tourists to satisfy many of their needs at the same time. After all, on matter how exciting is the places attraction, the tourist will still needing good food, a comfortable be, and personal security. Therefore, tourism marketers must provide information in their promotional on how tourists can satisfy their basic needs while stimunesaly promoting how a visit to the place will satisfy tourists need for belonging, self- esteem, and even self-actualization needs. Satisfying physiological and safety needs Tourists want assurance that the place can provide a suitable hotel rooms and high quality restaurants. Inn addition to this the tourists information about the places safety can encourage them to visit this place. Promotional materials must provide information on the places restaurants, hotels and safety[mark. in other hand money is one hotels award that is potentially related to these needs to the extent that it provides for food and shelter. , in addition to this workers must consider their jobs are security factors and as means for keeping what they have acquired ( mulins,1998) Satisfying belonging needs The social belonging and self -esteem needs play a key role to motivate people to visit any place by using a good promotion such as a small places or tourists destination can satisfy tourists belonging need by communicating a friendly and welcoming atmosphere. A large destination also can satisfy these needs through the number of tourists from every where can be helped to make tourists feel like they are apart of new social group. In addition to this when the tourists build a strong relationship with a local community that may help to motivate a repeat visit. In addition to this, Workers satisfaction in hotels may come from family relationships, a job usually provides an additional source of relationships, The manager can use this theory when he wants to motivate workers through give them money in order to satisfy them basic needs after that by communication can make a good work environment .also when the worker feels there are affair system in hotel thats mean career development he will be more satisfy To satisfy tourists belonging need, all tourists destination have to provide a social events and activities that allow tourists to deal with indigenous people and with other tourists .in other hand the workers in tourists establishment must satisfy their belonging needs Satisfying self esteem These needs also can be used to motivate people to visit by sharing the information about the trip with others after returning home. Tourists can satisfy their self -esteem by traveling to learn or improve skill or pursue anew or existing interest .in other hand these needs can be also be enhanced by participation in events that are unique or of limited availability .workers also can satisfy their esteem needs by money and financial rewards because they provide signals of peoples worth to the hotels. Satisfying self actualization Tourism may provide the chance for tourists to improve their own special skills or interests to a professional level; tourism marketers could improve a tourist package that involves advanced lectures by experts or training by celebrities. Self actualization also involves the need to do good for others; tourism marketers also must consider hosting special activities for tourists that also have an altruistic purpose. Maslows hierarchy and food tourism in Finland: five cases By Irma Tikkanen The author in this paper attempted to explore the field of food tourism in Finland by using Maslows theory in classification and how can the food tourism promoters emphasize on the need of people to motivate them According to Tikkanen food and beverage expenditure amount to one-third of overall tourist expenditure of the global tourism because eating is one of our physiological needs ,in addition to this in his paper he attempted to find the link between needs and motivations in hierarchy of needs and also how are they linked with tourism . As we know that Food need is one of the most important basic needs which person cant survive without it but also catering services and food images are very important ingredient of cultural tourism. In this paper the author mentioned that If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, consequently, a new set of needs emerge, which may be categorized roughly as the safety needs, The safety needs represent the desire to be free of danger ,it is also a multidisciplinary problem. That includes food processing and legislation; management systems and organizational culture; microbiological, chemical and physical hazards; and human behavior. After the physiological and safety needs satisfied, needs of the need for love, affection and belongingness arise. The esteem needs show an individual desire for a feeling of self-confidence and adequacy. This may reflect internal feelings of strength, achievement, independence, or external desires of reputation, prestige, recognition, attention, etc Even if all these needs are satisfied, we may still often expect that a new discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual has an inward vocation. In other words, what a man can be, he must be. These needs called self-actualization. Food tourism defined asa visitation to primary and secondary food producers, food festivals, restaurants and specific locations for which food tasting and/or experiencing the attributes of specialist food production region are the primary motivating factor for travel. The authors believe that this definition is insufficient in explaining all food tourism and he agrees with the opinion which said that food and tourism have a strong related and Food has recognized as: a part of the local culture, which tourists consume; a part of tourist promotion; a potential component of local agricultural and economic development; and a regional factor that is affected by the consumption patterns and perceived preferences of the tourists. The authors in his study used multiple-case design because the evidence obtained this way is often regarded as more impressive and assuring. In addition to this five cases representing each type of need in Maslows theory of needs were selected. The goal of the identified five sectors with cases is to explain the case study findings with related to Maslows hierarchy of needs and its applicability into food tourism. According to authors the five sector of food tourism in Finland are; food tourism based on physiological needs, food tourism based on safety needs, food tourism based on esteem needs, and food tourism based on self-actualizing needs. In this paper author discussed food tourism respect to hierarchy of needs. Food tourism based on psychological needs:- When the main motivation of food tourism is physiological needs, food is then seen as a tourist attraction such as, on cruise ships the quality and the variety of the meals is attracting tourists, Thats mean the tourists want to satisfy their psychological needs through food tourism. The authors discussed the situation of food tourism in Finland and he mentioned that the international cruising food tourism dates back to the 1960s when cruising tourism started between Finland and Sweden. At that time the assortment of foodstuffs in shops was narrow, and the display was imperfect compared to that of today, and also he focused on the alcohol which was one of the main motivations for the international cruising tourism between Finland and Sweden as well as Finland and Estonia. In addition to this In the Suonenjoki region, strawberry picking attracts tourists from Russian Carelia every summer offering seasonal income. Self-service strawberry picking attracts tourists locally and regionally on a smaller scale. Food tourism based on safety needs:- In this sector of food tourism , it respected to safety needs which consists mainly of local and international food, as well as health and safety conferences, where participants are mostly university researchers, health officers and retailers .the authors emphases on the international conferences of safety food which organized February 1-3, 2003 in Paris, France and one of the One of the companies sending delegates to this event on an annual basis is Kesko, the second biggest retailer in Finland. Food tourism based on social needs:- In this sector of food tourism the author mentioned that Food is becoming the main point of festivals and special activities that attracts tourists as well as indigenous residents in addition to this Food and food activities can be viewed as complementing the trip and helping to the trips success, the tourists consumption experience, but they can also form a top activity during the trip. Therefore, food and the activities linked to it may become the regions core attraction such as; the International Wine Festival in Kuopio collected about 50,000 visitors in 2003. Food tourism based on esteem needs:- As we said that before esteem needs show an individual desire for a feeling of self-confidence and adequacy, the authors focused on Provincial à   la carte projects which established to promote culinary food tourism and organized in the following regions: Kainuu, Lake Finland, Lapland, Middle Finland, Northern Savo, Northern Carelia, and Ostrobotnia. One of the most important aim of this project is to increase information of the regional food tradition and main materials and to use them in the modern catering services Food tourism based on self-actualizing needs:- In this type of food tourism the authors emphasized on categorized business to be the purpose of a visit in meetings and conferences. According to thee authors Food trade fair tourism involves of international and domestic food trade fairs. There are many international food trade fairs, such as BioFach World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg, Germany. International food conferences attract food scientists to increase their knowledge. One annually organized domestic food conference is the Finnish Food Congress which has been organized annually since 1970. It is the largest professional educational event for the food sector in Finland. Through these conferences we can satisfy self actualization of food experts who seek new kinds of culinary ideas and new food products. Such as cooks, restaurant managers, food wholesale buyers etc. The authors in his paper used the empirical findings which indicate that when classifying food tourism by sectors, Maslows hierarchy of needs and motivations can be used as the basis in the classification. Travel motivation: a critical review of the concepts development. By Cathy H.C Hsu and Songshan Huang. The intent of this study represents the development of travel motivation concept over the year; the authors apply Maslows hierarchy theory to travel motivation theory. in addition to this they highlights the two conceptual framework ; travel career leader and travel career pattern . The study also discussed other concepts which influence in travel motivation such as push and pull, Mannel and Iso-Ahlo model of escaping and seeking dimensions, merits of Plogs allocentrism / phsycontrism. In addition the study explained methodological issues in tourist motivation research. We will focus only on the uses of Maslows hierarchy in this study. According to Hsu and Huang (2008) travel motivation related to why people travel motivation related to why people travel so this area is relatively difficult research area of tourism enquiry . Based on this problem this paper reviews some of the most important research pieces relating to the subject, and which document the conceptual development of the motivation construct. Authors mentioned that sociology and social psychology is root of theoretical framework of travel motivation studies. In addition Maslows hierarchy of needs can be used to analyze the theoretical of many tourism researches because is one of the most influential motivation theories in the academic and in the public domain, one reason of this popularity of theory is its simplicity. Maslows theory was developed by clinical psychology, the premise is applicable to others sectors such as counseling, marketing, tourism and organizational psychology. The study also explained how Pears in (1982) used Maslows hierarchy theory in his study the social psychology of tourism behavior . Pears in his study analyzed 400 cases of travel experiences provided by some 200 tourists in Australia, Europe, U.S.A and Canada .he wrote down each respondent one positive experience and one negative experience. Pears analyzed and coded the tourists experience data in to five categories in accordance to Maslows hierarchy. Based on the information s which collected through analyzed, he suggested that travel motivation has the properties of an approach-avoidance paradigm and travelers attracted to holiday destination because of the possibility satisfying self-actualization, love and belongingness and physiological needs in that order of importance. (Hsu and Huang ,2008) This paper also mentioned hat Maslow in his theory discussed two others important human needs: aesthetic needs and the need to know and understand something new. These needs are very important in tourism field because person travels in order to see and learn about something new. But these needs were not included in the hierarchy of needs so the needs are less know to people. Maslows of needs theory as applied to tourism field has been one of the significant main point in travel motivation research, as we said that before this study also highlights the two conceptual framework in understanding travel motivation; travel career leader (TCL) and travel career pattern (TCP). Travel career leader can be traced to Pearces earlier work in tourist behavior and it is based upon Maslows hierarchy of needs. Based on the TCL tourists needs or motivations are organized in a hierarchy with relaxation needs at the lowest level followed by safety needs, relationship needs, self-esteem and development needs and finally fulfillment need. The main idea underlying this conceptual framework is that a persons travel motivation changes with his /her travel experience. (Hsu and Huang,2008) The second conceptual framework which presented recently by Pearce and his friend Lee in (2003) is Travel Career Pattern (TCP), it is also known as adjusted version of TCL. In fact its quite different of travel career leader. This concept tested by Pearce and lee in two studies and generate very similar motivation factors ,these factors can be classified in two groups ; the first one involves the most significant and common motivation factors to tourists such as novelty ,relax and relationship while the other group involves motivation factors that were less significant to respondents e.g. stimulation ,isolation and social status. In addition Pearce and lee proposed three levels of TCP they put significant common motives e.g. relax, relationship and novelty in the main layer, the next layer which surrounding the main layer involves the moderately important travel motives e.g. self -actualization. The outer layer includes of common and less important travel motives e.g. social status, isolation and nostalgia. In addition Pearce and Lee explained that pleasure tourists at all levels of TCP are affected by the most important and central travel motives as well as by less important motives. Travel Career Patter ns as a tourist motivation model is still underdevelopment and its validity requires further rigorous tests. (Hsu and Huang,2008) We can observe the relationship between Maslows hierarchy of needs and TCP and how can Pearce and his colleagues Lee in 666 used maslows theory to introduce this new model. 4-Travel motivations of package tour travellers By Jui Chi Chang In this study the authors examined travel motives as well as travel decision-making of Taiwanese travellers with a group package tour abroad. Tourism is an industry for people who are looking for something different and they want to be treated as valuable customers travel motivation as we know reflects ones needs and wants and can be viewed as a critical variable in relation to their purchase decisions and outcome of satisfaction. Motivation emerges when an individual wants to satisfy a need. According to Maslow theory a person has different needs which he wants to satisfy it and these needs motivate person to act anything in order to satisfy his needs , the author mentioned that , Studying travel motivation helps one to understand customers needs, thus enhancing service providers knowledge about what kinds of experiences travellers seek, especially for certain groups of people in addition to this Understanding of travellers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. thats mean its necessary to study motivation theory especially the Maslow theory of need which determine the person need According to the author Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behaviour. Self actualization, the highest need in Maslows hierarchy, generates internal satisfaction and explains the necessity of acquiring knowledge and learning about different cultures. Fulfilling higher-order needs might also be associated with lower-order needs to which multiple motives contribute. Still, it is arguable that not all travellers are able to fulfil the highest need of self-actualization since some people may not consider it to be so significant. The author mentioned that It is difficult to determine which stimulation triggers ones needs in the first place. Besides, one persons needs may not be the same as anothers, even though they are in the same life cycle. Nevertheless, theories of motivation have played an important role in the development of tourism psychology This study suggests that socio-psychological needs are an important motivation for travel, and socio-economic considerations are regarded as a crucial motivation for travel decision-making. Furthermore, travellers decision-making may be strongly influenced by their social relationships friends/relatives recommendations. Finally we can say that Maslow hierarchy theory can used to explain travel behaviour and can help to determine which factor play a vital role to effect on person decision to visit destination and practice some activities. Conclusion There is a wide variety of theoretical frameworks that have been developed and used in attempts to explain the issues of motivation and satisfaction. As we know that, Human needs can be divided into different categories and the successful in tourism field based on how can tourism satisfy stakeholders needs in tourism sector,. Maslows hierarchical needs theory, although developed in the field of clinical psychology has become widely influential as the best-known general theory of motivation and has been applied to explain motivation in many social disciplines, and areas such as business, marketing and tourism. it has been called an emotional trigger that enables marketers to communicate with their target audiences on a personal, meaningful level that goes beyond product benefits. This theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behaviour. Self actualization, the highest need in Maslows hierarchy, generates internal satisfaction and explains the necessity of acquiring knowledge and learning about different cultures. Fulfilling higher-order needs might also be associated with lower-order needs to which multiple motives contribute. Still, it is arguable that not all travellers are able to fulfil the highest need of self-actualization since some people may not consider it to be so significant. One of the main reasons for the popularity of Maslows hierarchy of needs is probably its simplicity. This hierarchy could be related to the travel industry in the sense that unless individuals have their physiological and safety needs met, they are less likely to be interested in travelling the world to make a difference. Self actualization can, in fact, be considered the end or goal of leisure. Finally we can say that, Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory plays a vital role to determine these needs and helps all the parties to understand the different needs of people in order to satisfy it and achieve success in tourism field.